The crucial role of this area in transmodal semantic representation also fits with recent in vivo tractography data demonstrating the convergence of multiple white-matter pathways into the ATL. Such results indicate that this region’s structural connectivity is ideal for blending different sources of verbal and nonverbal information into integrated, coherent concepts ( Binney, Parker, & Lambon Ralph, 2012). To account for the global, pan-modal involvement of the ventrolateral ATLs in conceptual knowledge, we have developed an alternative framework for conceptual knowledge termed the “hub-and-spoke” model (Lambon Ralph

et al., 2010, Patterson et al., 2007, Pobric et al., 2010 and Rogers et al., 2004). This model holds that in addition to modality-specific sources RO4929097 of information (“spokes”) and their inter-connections, representation of conceptual knowledge requires an integrative “hub”. The hub uses information from the modality-specific spoke regions to develop modality-invariant, conceptual representations that capture deeper patterns of conceptual similarity across all sensory-motor and verbal modalities. These integrated representations are necessary because similarity in any particular sensory-motor domain is, at best, only a partial guide to conceptual similarity (Dilkina and Lambon Ralph, 2013, Lambon Ralph et al., 2010 and Smith and Medin, 1981). For example, though apples and bananas

have different shapes, colours and Navitoclax tactile properties and are manipulated

in different ways, the conceptual system must be able to recognise that they are similar types of object. In addition, true conceptual representation requires the integration of Suplatast tosilate properties that are experienced in different times and situations, and representation of the complex, non-linear relationships between the concept’s verbal and nonverbal modality-specific properties and its conceptual significance (see Lambon Ralph et al., 2010 for more detailed discussion of these issues). The hub-and-spoke framework holds that the ATL hub provides this critical aspect of conceptual representation through the formation of representations that integrate information from all sensory-motor-verbal domains. When this region is damaged, as in SD, the result is a breakdown in the complex boundaries that define different concepts, such that semantic decisions come to be made on the basis of superficial characteristics rather than their deeper conceptual properties. For example, SD patients may reject “emu” as an example of a bird but simultaneously over-extend the concept to accept “butterfly” (Lambon Ralph et al., 2010 and Mayberry et al., 2011). Previous work on the function of the ventrolateral ATLs has focused on their role in representing existing knowledge and its progressive deterioration as a result of ATL atrophy in SD (e.g., Binney et al., 2010 and Rogers et al., 2004).