Their cigarette consumption before quitting was 24.5 per day and their recalled FTCD score from when they were smoking was a high 6.7. It can be hypothesized that this type of smoker would have had Dasatinib supplier no better success rate in stopping than the 10% seen normally but when coming off long-term NRT, it was 36%. The 36% was obtained from a 1-year follow-up. Several of the smokeless studies reported success rates from 6 months. It is of interest to note that the authors excluded long-term patch users since it would have been unlikely to see a difference between active and placebo treatment due to the ease by which they normally can stop. Moreover, it is much more infrequent to observe long-term patch use (Shiffman, Hughes, Pillitteri, & Burton, 2003).

It seems as a patch is not very likely to be able to support a compulsive use pattern due to its little behavioral involvement and or pharmacokinetic nicotine uptake pattern. The data in Table 2 lead us to conclude that quitting cigarette smoking is more difficult than quitting ST (Fagerstr?m, Gilljam, Metcalfe, Tonstad, & Messig, 2010) and, although there is only one study from the NR category, that quitting these products may be easiest (Tonnesen & Mikkelsen, 2012). Of course, these data might be explained by a self-selection bias (e.g., cigarette users and ST users could be from different populations). However, another plausible explanation is that the differing nonnicotinic factors and pharmacokinetics of nicotine across the different categories are relevant.

We propose that dependence��the robust phenomenon that causes withdrawal, continued use despite adverse health consequences, difficulty quitting, etc.��differs across tobacco/nicotine products. As it looks from the data in Table 2, the cigarette may be, in addition to the most harmful product, the most dependence-producing product. Indeed, just as there is likely a profound difference in harmfulness between the products��a continuum of risk (Zeller & Hatsukami, et al., 2009)��there might also be a continuum of dependence. The cigarette seems to be in the high dependence end of this continuum, while NR products, and particularly the patch, seemed to be positioned in the low end of the dependence continuum. ST appears to have an intermediate position on the dependence continuum. Where other tobacco products are positioned on both of these continua is an empirical question deserving of immediate research. Can Carfilzomib We Assess Tobacco/Nicotine Dependence More Precisely With Product Specific Instruments? There are fundamental differences between administration forms of the same substance.