This changes the energy required for n–p excitation and results in a shift in g xx (bottom). Therefore, g xx is a measure of hydrogen-bonding propensity of the environment of the spin label The G-tensor The larger spin-orbit coupling parameter of oxygen relative to nitrogen is the primary source of g-anisotropy

of the nitroxides. The G-tensor anisotropy is related to excitations from the oxygen non-bonding orbitals (n-orbitals) into the π*-orbital (schematically shown in the inset of Fig. 3). Of the three principal directions, the largest effect occurs in the g x -direction (e.g. Plato et al. 2002). The smaller the excitation energy, the larger the effect on the g-tensor. The energy of the n-orbitals is lowered by hydrogen bonding to oxygen, and since this increases the energy separation between the n- and the π*-orbitals, g xx decreases with GSK1904529A increasing strengths of the hydrogen bonds (Owenius et al. 2001; Plato et al. 2002). Obviously, similar effects play a role in the more extended π-electron systems of photosynthetic cofactors. Detailed investigations of the distribution of spin density (Allen et al. 2009)

and G-tensor of these cofactors reveal subtle differences in hydrogen bonding and conformations. The response of the extended π-electron systems of these cofactors to the protein environment seems to be one of the mechanisms by which the protein can PI3K inhibitor fine tune the electronic properties of the cofactors to function optimally. The light reactions and transient interactions of radicals Knowledge of the electronic structure and the Lenvatinib research buy magnetic resonance parameters of the cofactors in photosynthesis provides the basis for the understanding of the coupling between states and ultimately the electron-transfer properties of the cofactors. These are at the heart of the high efficiency of light-induced charge separation and therefore are much sought after. Intricate experiments such as optically detected magnetic

resonance (Carbonera 2009) and the spectroscopy on spin-coupled radical pairs (van der Est 2009) were designed to shed light on these questions. Intriguing is the CIDNP effect measured by solid-state (ss) NMR experiments (Matysik et al. 2009). First of all, the amazing enhancement of the NMR signal intensity by the nuclear spin polarization has attracted attention far beyond the photosynthesis community. After all, the 10,000-fold signal enhancements of CIDNP are a tremendous increase in sensitivity. Apparently, the kinetics of the charge separation and recombination I-BET151 mouse events are such that the nuclear spins become polarized. This polarization is carried over into the diamagnetic ground state of the cofactors and gives rise to the large enhancement of the NMR signals of the diamagnetic states of the cofactors detected by conventional magic-angle spinning NMR.