v-viCrossRef 8. Billat VL, Demarle A, Slawinski J, Paiva M, Koralsztein JP: Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001,33(12):2089–2097.check details PubMedCrossRef 9. di Prampero PE, Atchou G, Bruckner JC, Moia
C: The energetics of endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1986,55(3):259–266.PubMedCrossRef 10. Rapoport BI: Metabolic factors limiting performance in marathon runners. PLoS Comput Biol 2010,6(10):1–13.CrossRef 11. Hargreaves M, Angus D, Howlett K, Conus NM, Febbraio M: Effect of heat stress on glucose kinetics during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996,81(4):1594–1597.PubMed 12. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS, American College of Sports M: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. learn more Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007,39(2):377–390.PubMedCrossRef 13. Bar-Or O: Effects of age and gender on sweating pattern during exercise. Int J Sports Med 1998,19(Suppl 2):S106-S107.PubMedCrossRef
14. Kelley GA, Lowing L, Kelley K: Gender differences in the aerobic fitness levels of young African-American adults. J Natl Med Assoc 1999,91(7):384–388.PubMedCentralPubMed 15. Mehnert P, Brode P, Griefahn B: Gender-related difference in sweat loss and its impact on exposure limits to heat stress. Int J Ind Ergonom 2002,29(6):343–351.CrossRef 16. Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Grucza R: Gender differences in thermoregulation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001,4(6):533–536.PubMedCrossRef 17. Hessemer V, Bruck K: Influence of menstrual-cycle on shivering, skin blood-flow, and sweating responses measured at night. J Appl Selleck Nutlin 3 Physiol 1985,59(6):1902–1910.PubMed Caspase inhibitor 18. Toner MM, Sawka MN, Foley ME, Pandolf KB: Effects of body mass and morphology on thermal responses in water. J Appl Physiol 1986,60(2):521–525.PubMedCrossRef 19. Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, Hardy JD: Comfort and thermal sensations and associated
physiological responses at various ambient temperatures. Environ Res 1967,1(1):1–20.PubMedCrossRef 20. Glickman EL, Peacock C, Gunstad J, Kakos L, Burns KJ, Pollock B, Feeback M, Seo Y: A thermal perception scale for use during rest and exercise in 37°C ambient air [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013,45(5):S70. 21. Armstrong LE: Exertional Heat Illnesses. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2003. 22. Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM: Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications with PowerWeb Bind-in Card. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2004. 23. Davis JM, Burgess WA, Slentz CA, Bartoli WP, Pate RR: Effects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1988,57(5):563–569.PubMedCrossRef 24. Armstrong LE: Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr 2007,26(Suppl 5):575S-584S.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.