We predicted CD8(+) T cell epitopes from the L. major proteome and validated in vivo in mice the immunogenicity of some of the best predicted epitopes. Consensus epitope predictions from 8272 annotated protein sequences with 5-8 different algorithms allowed the identification
of 78 class I CD8(+) epitopes. BALB/c mice were immunized with 26 synthetic peptides corresponding to the most likely epitopes, Fourteen (54%) resulted immunogenic, with eight being strong inducers of T cell I FN gamma production. None of the proteins from which the epitopes are derived are differentially expressed, only two may be surface proteins, eight have putative enzymatic, Gemcitabine mw and metabolic activities. These epitopes and proteins represent new antigen candidates for further studies. While pathogen genomes have
not yet delivered their full promise in terms of human health applications, our study opens the way for extensive genome mining for antigen identification and vaccine development against Leishmania and other pathogens.”
“Intracellular organization is a key factor in cell metabolism. Cells have evolved various organizational systems to solve the challenges of toxic pathway intermediates, competing metabolic reactions, and slow turnover rates. Inspired by nature, synthetic biologists have utilized proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to construct synthetic organizational systems that mimic natural systems. Many of these systems have been applied to metabolic pathways and shown to significantly increase the production of industrially and commercially important chemicals. Further engineering already and characterization of synthetic Fedratinib purchase organizational systems will allow us to better understand native cellular strategies of spatial organization. Here, we discuss recent advances and ongoing efforts in designing and characterizing synthetic compartmentalization systems to mimic natural
strategies and increase metabolic yields of engineered pathways.”
“The underlying mechanisms and involved brain areas in sensory gating of repetitive auditory stimuli remain unclear. Especially, the influence of the auditory cortex and the role of temporal precision are under debate. Our first objective was to analyze gating dynamics of local field potentials in the primary auditory cortex and the ventral striatum in an animal experiment, particularly, assessing the influence of the cortex. The second aim was to follow the hypothesis that auditory gating results from phase de-synchronization of evoked potentials in response to the second auditory stimulus. Local field potentials were recorded simultaneously in the auditory cortex and ventral striatum of awake Mongolian gerbils (n = 15) during stimulation with trains of frequency-modulated tones. Gating was analyzed by amplitude ratios of the auditory potentials evoked by the first two stimuli in a train, as well as by time frequency analyses and between-area phase coupling.