jejuni PU-H71 with the aim of finding peptides that could be used to control this microorganism in chickens. In total, 27 phage peptides, representing 11 unique clones, were found to inhibit the growth of C. jejuni by up to 99.9% in vitro. One clone was bactericidal, reducing the viability of C. jejuni by 87% in vitro. The phage peptides were highly specific. They completely inhibited the growth of two of the four poultry isolates of C. jejuni tested with no activity detected towards other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.”
“Vestibulospinal reflexes elicited by head displacement in space depend on the direction of body displacement, because the neuronal

responses to labyrinthine stimulation are tuned by neck displacement: a directional tuning takes place in the medial cerebellum and in spinal motoneurons, while a gain and a basal activity tuning can be observed in the reticular formation, a target structure of the medial cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated whether also the response of vestibular nuclear neurons (another target of

the medial cerebellum) to labyrinthine stimulation is tuned by neck displacement and Veliparib molecular weight which parameters of the response are modulated by it. In urethane-anaesthetized Wistar rats, single-unit activity was recorded from the vestibular nuclei at rest and during wobble of the whole animal at 0.156 Hz. This stimulus tilted the animal’s head by a constant amplitude (5), in a direction rotating at a constant velocity over the horizontal plane, either in clockwise or counter clockwise direction. The gain and the direction of neuronal responses to wobble were evaluated through Fourier analysis, in the control position (with coincident head and body axes) and following a body-to-head rotation

of 5-30 degrees over the horizontal plane, in both directions. Most of the vestibular neurons modified their response gain and/or their basal activity following body-to-head rotation, as it occurs in the reticular formation. Only few neurons modified their response direction, as occurs in the cerebellum and in spinal motoneurons. The different behaviour of cerebellar neurons and of their vestibular and reticular target cells, suggests that the role played by the cerebellum in the neck tuning of vestibulospinal reflexes has to be reconsidered. selleck kinase inhibitor (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrolysis is the bottleneck in cellulosic ethanol production. Efficient degradation of biomass by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is carried out by the multicomponent cellulosome complex. The bacterial cell-surface attachment of the cellulosome is mediated by high-affinity protein-protein interactions between the Type II cohesin domain borne by the cell envelope protein and the Type II dockerin domain, together with neighboring X-module present at the C-terminus of the scaffolding protein (Type II coh-Xdoc).

Unilateral pCCI and dCCI induced a transient bilateral elevation in IL-10 protein level not only in the homonymous lumbar DRG but also in the heteronymous cervical DRG nonassociated with the spinal segments of constricted nerve. Sham operations also induced bilateral elevation of IL-10 protein in both homonymous and heteronymous DRG. Our experiments revealed that the more proximal

is a nerve injury the more rapid is the initial increase and slower the subsequent decrease of IL-10 protein level in DRG. Changes of IL-10 protein in DRG nonassociated with damaged nerve could be related to a general neuroinflammatory reaction of the nervous system to injury and thereby promote potential of the DRG neurons for regenerating their axons following a conditioning lesion. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We analyzed characteristics SB431542 cost in patients with recurrent

renal cell carcinoma 5 years or later after nephrectomy and determined predictors of survival after recurrence.

Materials and Methods: From July 1989 to October 2008 at total of 2,368 nephrectomies were done for clinically localized, unilateral renal cell carcinoma at our institution. Of 256 patients with disease recurrence 44 had recurrence 5 years or more after nephrectomy. We compared clinicopathological characteristics E7080 solubility dmso in patients with disease recurrence Levetiracetam before vs after 5 years. Survival from time of recurrence was assessed based on Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center risk score, symptoms at recurrence, metastasectomy, tumor diameter, and recurrence stage and site.

Results: Patients with late recurrence tended to have fewer symptoms at presentation, smaller tumors (median 8.5 vs 7 cm) and less aggressive disease (pT1 in 18% vs 39%). Median overall survival was 6.1 years from time of recurrence. Five-year actuarial survival was 85% in 28 patients at favorable risk and 14% in 10 at intermediate

risk (log rank p <0.001). The 5-year estimated overall survival rate was 72% in 31 patients with incidentally detected recurrence and 39% in 11 with symptoms at recurrence (log rank p = 0.01).

Conclusions: Data suggest that patients with cancer recurrence 5 years after nephrectomy are at favorable risk and have long-term median survival. A favorable Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center risk score and absent symptoms related to metastasis are associated with longer survival in these patients.”
“Statins have been suggested to protect against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, however, we reported that aged dogs that underwent chronic statin treatment exhibited cognitive deficits compared with age matched controls. In human studies, blood levels of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) decrease with statin use.

All received a postal questionnaire regarding satisfaction and experiences with the system, such as side effects, complications, burden, impact on sexuality and defecation changes.

Results: Of the 275 questionnaires sent 207 were returned EPZ-6438 nmr for a 75% response rate. The population was 83% female. Overall treatment was done for overactive bladder syndrome, nonobstructive urinary retention, combined overactive bladder and retention, and pelvic pain in 55%, 24%, 20% and 1% of patients, respectively. Overall satisfaction with sacral neuromodulation was high at 90%. No correlations were found between the satisfaction rate, and pretreatment age,

gender, complaint type, sexual dysfunction or therapy duration. However, 56% of patients reported side effects, such as pain at the internal nerve stimulator site and due to stimulation. However, 89% of these patients did not seek further therapy. Of patients with additional defecation problems 47% experienced relief of complaints.

Conclusions: This study shows a high satisfaction rate in patients with sacral neuromodulation. There was no relation between patient age, complaint type, therapy duration or side effects and

the satisfaction rate. The number of side effects was limited but further analysis SB203580 nmr in prospective cohorts should identify patients who are likely to have side effects or stop sacral neuromodulation treatment.”
“BACKGROUND

The Proteus syndrome is characterized GPX6 by the overgrowth of skin, connective tissue, brain, and other tissues. It has been hypothesized that the syndrome is caused by somatic mosaicism for a mutation that is lethal in the nonmosaic state.

METHODS

We performed exome sequencing of DNA from biopsy samples obtained from patients with the Proteus syndrome

and compared the resultant DNA sequences with those of unaffected tissues obtained from the same patients. We confirmed and extended an observed association, using a custom restriction-enzyme assay to analyze the DNA in 158 samples from 29 patients with the Proteus syndrome. We then assayed activation of the AKT protein in affected tissues, using phosphorylation-specific antibodies on Western blots.

RESULTS

Of 29 patients with the Proteus syndrome, 26 had a somatic activating mutation (c.49G -> A, p.Glu17Lys) in the oncogene AKT1, encoding the AKT1 kinase, an enzyme known to mediate processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Tissues and cell lines from patients with the Proteus syndrome harbored admixtures of mutant alleles that ranged from 1% to approximately 50%. Mutant cell lines showed greater AKT phosphorylation than did control cell lines. A pair of single-cell clones that were established from the same starting culture and differed with respect to their mutation status had different levels of AKT phosphorylation.

Zn deficiency-related changes in structural, carbohydrate and fatty acid-related proteins may be disadvantageous for maintaining vascular health and are consistent with a protective role for zinc in the development of atherosclerosis.”
“The glutamate transporter GLT-1 is primarily responsible for glutamate clearance in the spinal cord. beta-Lactam antibiotics have been shown to attenuate neuropathic pain behaviors by promoting GLT-1 expression and function in the CNS. The present

study tested selleck products the hypothesis that ceftriaxone, a prototype beta-lactam antibiotic, can prevent the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) in mice. Repeated morphine administration produced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, signs of OIH, and reduced spinal GLT-1 expression in mice. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg/d, i.p., for 7 d) inhibited OIH. Correlating with the behavioral effects, ceftriaxone reversed downregulation of GLT-1

expression that was induced by OIH. These results suggest that ceftriaxone inhibited the development of OIH by up-regulating spinal GLT-1 expression. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights selleck reserved.”
“Human norovirus (hNoV) remains refractory to propagation in cell culture systems. We believe that knowing the exact cell type that hNoV targets will provide important insights into culturing the virus. By the use of an in vitro whole-virus binding assay, the hNoV genogroup II genotype 4 Sakai variant was found to bind predominantly to cells of the lamina propria and Brunner’s glands, but not to those of the luminal epithelial surface, of human duodenum tissue. Our findings, together with accumulating Ispinesib manufacturer evidence reported elsewhere, suggest that hNoV may display tropism to nonepithelial cells, which is distinct from observations of other human enteric pathogens.”
“The phylum Nematoda is biologically diverse; it includes parasites of plants and animals in addition to free-living taxa. To date, the genomes of six nematodes have been sequenced. Comparative analyses of these ecologically diverse nematodes are beginning to reveal the

mechanisms by which parasites arise and how they evolve. Here, we discuss some emerging principles for the mechanisms and evolution of parasitism. First, horizontal gene transfer represents a common theme in nematode parasites. Second, the human parasite Brugia malayi lost otherwise essential genes most probably owing to the mutualistic relationship with a bacterial endosymbiont. Finally, some parasitic features evolved under free-living conditions. A recent study revealed a conserved endocrine mechanism controlling the formation of dauer and infective larvae in nematodes.”
“To identify potential oncofetal biomarkers that distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from healthy liver tissues, we compared and analyzed the proteomic profiles of mouse livers at different developmental stages. Fetal (E13.5, E16.

001). Similarly, the cadences for the highest 1, 5, and 20 consecutive

minutes, and the cadence for the 30 highest, nonconsecutive minutes all were correlated with ICD and ACD (P .05). None of the ambulatory cadences were correlated with ABI (P > .05) or with ischemic window (P > .05).

Conclusion: Daily ambulatory cadences are associated with severity of intermittent claudication, as measured by ACD and ICD, but not with peripheral hemodynamic measures. (J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1238-44.)”
“We have reported that hydrogen (H(2)) acts as an efficient antioxidant by gaseous rapid diffusion. When water DMH1 mouse saturated with hydrogen ( hydrogen water) was placed into the stomach of a rat, hydrogen was detected at several mu M level in blood. Because hydrogen gas is unsuitable for continuous consumption, we investigated using mice whether drinking hydrogen water ad libitum, instead of inhaling hydrogen gas, prevents cognitive impairment by reducing oxidative stress. Chronic physical restraint stress to mice enhanced levels of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, in the brain, and impaired learning and memory, as judged by three different methods: passive buy QNZ avoidance learning, object recognition task, and the Morris water maze. Consumption of hydrogen water ad libitum throughout the whole period

suppressed the increase in the oxidative stress markers and prevented cognitive impairment, as judged by all three methods, whereas hydrogen water did not improve cognitive ability when no stress was provided. Neural proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was suppressed by restraint stress, as observed by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation and Ki-67 immunostaining,

proliferation markers. The consumption of hydrogen water ameliorated the reduced proliferation although the mechanistic link between the hydrogen-dependent changes in neurogenesis and cognitive impairments remains unclear. Thus, continuous consumption of hydrogen water reduces oxidative stress in the brain, and prevents the stress-induced decline in learning and memory caused by chronic physical restraint. Hydrogen water may be applicable for preventive use in cognitive or other www.selleck.cn/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html neuronal disorders.”
“Objective: The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes and Quality Initiative recommends autogenous access for new dialysis procedures. The patient requiring hemodialysis with inadequate superficial arm veins represents a formidable challenge to the surgeon. Our objective is to describe results with an alternative access procedure, the autogenous brachial-brachial artery (ABBA) access in patients with inadequate superficial arm veins.

Methods: One surgeon created 163 new dialysis accesses in 122 patients during 40 consecutive months at a university hospital. There was 97% patient follow-up. All patent but diminutive superficial arm veins as judged by preoperative ultrasound were explored.

6 +/- 30.3 minutes, MM, 253 +/- 65.3 minutes), aortic injury grade (SR, 2.7 +/- 0.1; MM, 2.3 +/- 0.2), and injury severity score were not significantly different between the groups.

Head Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) was worse in the MM group, while chest MS was worse in the SR group (P < .05). There were nine (42.9%) deaths in the MM group, while there were only two (5.7%) in the SR group (P < .001). There was no significant difference in aortic-related mortality. Mean follow-up time was not statistically different.

Conclusion:These data provide a group of stable patients to examine the management of TAI in the endovascular era. The low aortic-related Panobinostat manufacturer mortality in the MM group demonstrates that there is time for a thorough evaluation PF-562271 in patients sustaining TAI who arrive without hernodynamic instability. (J Vase Surg 2010;52:884-90.)”
“Purpose: Historically thoracic aortic rupture secondary to trauma was treated with cardiopulmonary bypass and open surgery. With the advent of endovascular grafting, physicians

have the ability to reconstruct the thoracic aortic transection using a less invasive technique. In this study, we examine our experience with stent graft repair of thoracic transections secondary to trauma.

Methods: The medical records of patients treated at a level I trauma center from 2005 to 2008 were reviewed. Those patients who had an aortic transection treated with an endograft were identified and evaluated for in-hospital mortality and morbidity and concurrent injuries. Demographics, procedural details, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results: Over a 3-year period, 18 thoracic aortic transections secondary to trauma were identified in patients with a mean age of 43 (range, 16-80). Primary technical success was 100%. None of the

patients required explant or open repair during this time period. In-hospital mortality was 2 of 18 (11%); all patients had multiple trauma including SB273005 purchase long bone fractures. The subclavian artery origin was covered by the stent graft in 9 of the 18 patients. The mean estimated blood loss per procedure was 222 cc. No patient in this series had postoperative paraplegia. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 50 months with an average of 13 months. There have been no late explantation or device failures identified.

Conclusion: Endovascular repair of traumatic thoracic aortic transections can be performed safely with a relatively low mortality and morbidity and should be the procedure of choice for patients presenting with traumatic thoracic aortic ruptures. (J Vase Surg 2010;52:891-6.)”
“Background: Level I evidence shows conventional carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with patch angioplasty results in lower rates of restenosis. However, whether this information has affected practice patterns and outcomes in real-world vascular surgery settings is unclear.

RESULTS: Forty-five patients (97.2%) experienced pain relief immediately or within weeks. Thirty-four patients maintained excellent outcome. Some degree of facial numbness developed in 18 patients (39.1%) and was mild in 11 of them (Grade 11 on the Barrow Neurological Institute scale). Patients with a sagittal-angle trigerninal nerve takeoff find more from the brainstem in the range of 150 to 170 degrees measured from the horizontal plane had a more favorable outcome

(P = 0.03) than patients with less obtuse relationships to the proximal nerve origin. Patients who received higher doses of radiation to the brainstem/dorsal root entry zone of the trigerninal nerve experienced a higher rate of posttreatment facial anesthesia.

CONCLUSION: There may be important anatomic and geometric relationships between the treated trigeminal nerve and surrounding critical structures that warrant pretreatment target volume placement and dose distribution considerations.”
“OBJECTIVE: To present initial, short-term results obtained with an image-guided radiosurgery apparatus (CyberKnife; Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) in a series of 199 benign intracranial meningiomas.

METHODS: Selection criteria included lesions unsuitable for surgery and/or remnants after partial surgical removal. All patients

were either symptomatic and/or harboring growing tumors. Ninety-nine tumors involved selleck kinase inhibitor the cavernous sinus; 28 were in the posterior fossa, petrous bone, or clivus; and 29 were in contact with anterior optic pathways. Twenty-two tumors involved the convexity, Tipifarnib and 21 involved the falx or tentorium. One hundred fourteen patients had undergone some kind of surgical removal before radiosurgery. Tumor volumes varied from 0.1 to 64 mL (mean, 7.5 mL) and radiation doses ranged

from 12 to 25 Gy (mean, 18.5 Gy). Treatment isodoses varied from 70 to 90%. In 150 patients with lesions larger than 8 mL and/or with tumors situated close to critical structures, the dose was delivered in 2 to 5 daily fractions.

RESULTS: The follow-up periods ranged from I to 59 months (mean, 30 months; median, 30 months). The tumor volume decreased in 36 patients, was unchanged in 148 patients, and increased in 7 patients. Three patients underwent repeated radiosurgery, and 4 underwent operations. One hundred fifty-four patients were clinically stable. In 30 patients, a significant improvement of clinical symptoms was obtained. In 7 patients, neurological deterioration was observed (new cranial deficits in 2, worsened diplopia in 2, visual field reduction in 2, and worsened headache in 2).

CONCLUSION: The introduction of the CyberKnife extended the indication to 63 patients (>30%) who could not have been treated by single-session radiosurgical techniques. The procedure proved to be safe. Clinical improvement seems to be more frequently observed with the CyberKnife than in our previous linear accelerator experience.

Here, we show that pharmacological maintenance of action potentials during NMDA receptor blockade allows for NMDA receptor-independent transcription factor binding and arc gene expression, both of which were previously thought to be NMDA receptor dependent. These data suggest that types of signaling in the nucleus previously attributed to NMDA-receptor-dependent synapse-to-nucleus signals can be initiated in the absence of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. CB-839 research buy NeuroReport

20:1429-1433 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“A nested reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for rapid detection of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) in cell culture and tissue samples, was developed and evaluated. Using an outer pair of primers (P1 and P2), https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch-900776.html selected from genome segment three of AHSV serotype 6 (AHSV-6), the RT-PCR-based assay resulted in amplification of a 890 base pair (bp) primary PCR product. RNAs from the nine vaccine strains of AHSV, and a number of AHSV field isolates

including the Central African isolates of AHSV-9 and AHSV-6, propagated in cell cultures, were detected by this assay. A second pair of nested primers (P3 and P4) was used to produce a 240-bp PCR product. The RT-PCR described below detected as little as 0.1 fg of AHSV RNA, which is equivalent to six viral particles. The nested amplification confirmed the integrity of the primary PCR product and increased

the sensitivity of the PCR assay by at least 1000-fold. Application of this RT-PCR assay to clinical samples resulted in direct detection of AHSV dsRNA from blood and a variety of tissue samples collected from equines science infected experimentally and naturally.

The specificity studies indicated that the primary or the nested PCR products were not amplified from, closely related orbiviruses including, bluetongue virus (BTV) prototypes serotypes 1, 2, 4, 10, 16 and 17; epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) prototypes serotypes I and 2; EHDV-318, Sudanese isolates of palyam serogroup of orbiviruses; total nucleic acid extracts from uninfected Vero cells; or unfractionated blood from horses and donkeys that were AHSV-seronegative and virus isolation negative. The RT-PCR provides a valuable tool for study of the epidemiology of AHSV and can be recommended for rapid diagnosis during an outbreak of the disease among susceptible equines. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We report a patient with left hemiparesis because of schizencephaly affecting the right precentral gyrus and describe a double decussated ipsilateral corticospinal tract detected using the multimodal brain mapping technique. In this patient, we could observe that the unaffected primary motor cortex (M1) controls both hands by functional magnetic resonance imaging and motor-evoked potential study.

Results of open surgery controls demonstrated freedom from the primary endpoint in 76.9% Selleckchem Danusertib (95% confidence interval [CI] 74.0%-79.9%) of patients at one year, with amputation-free survival (AFS) of 76.5% (95% CI 73.7%-79.5). An additional 3% non-inferiority margin was suggested in generating OPG for catheter-based therapies. Defined clinical (age > 80 years and tissue loss) and anatomic (infra-popliteal anatomy or lack of good quality saphenous vein) risk subgroups provided significantly different point estimates and OPG threshold values.

Conclusion;: For new catheter-based therapies in CLI, OPGs offer a feasible approach for pre-market evaluation using non-randomized trial designs. Such

studies should incorporate risk stratification in design and reporting as the CLI population is heterogeneous with respect to baseline variables and expected outcomes. Guidelines for CLI trial design to address consistency in study cohorts, methods of assessment, and endpoint

definitions are provided. (J Vase Surg 2009;50:1462-73.)”
“The article by Conte et al.(1) on behalf of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) in this issue of the journal of Vascular Surgery provides guidelines for improving the consistency and interpretability of clinical trials intended to evaluate treatment options for patients with critical BMS-754807 research buy limb ischemia (CLI). This article identifies a number of key challenges with conducting and

comparing CLI trials, including the wide spectrum of clinical presentations that CLI encompasses, the use of disparate eligibility criteria and endpoint measurements, and logistical and economic considerations that can limit study initiation and completion. The authors propose definitions for a number of performance goals derived from historical surgical literature as a means of reducing the negative impact of these factors. The current editorial reviews aspects of this proposal from the Selleck MCC950 perspective of the authors in terms of their understanding of the statutory obligations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate the marketing of cardiovascular devices based on valid scientific evidence. (J Vase Surg 2009;50:1474-6.)”
“Aortic angiosarcoma is an exceedingly rare clinical entity. Significant delay in diagnosis can Occur due to a low index of suspicion on the part of the clinician. We report a case of aortic angiosarcoma masquerading as a descending thoracic aneurysm arising from a penetrating ulcer. The patient was initially treated with an endovascular stent graft for rapid growth, but the lesion continued to enlarge despite angiographic exclusion. FDG-PET CT scan and biopsy ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of aortic angiosarcoma. This case highlights some of the difficulties of making the early diagnosis of aortic angiosarcoma. (J Vase Surg 2009;50:1477-80.

It was decided that in order to conduct more complex KU-60019 mw modeling exercises with studies on Cu, the information had to be organized into a database for application of emerging analytical approaches in exposure-response assessment. The database would support both current as well as proposed methods for exposure-response assessment and accommodate a variety of reporting methods found in the literature. As there are multiple studies looking at a wide range of adverse health effects attributed to excess and deficiency, data were organized into ordered categories of severity to create a common measure of response. The present study (1) outlines the approach used

to identify studies for the Cu database based on their quality and usefulness for exposure-response analyses; (2) provides an overview of the process used to define a common dose metric; and (3) describes the process check details used to categorize a diverse number of responses from Cu excess and deficiency to an ordinal severity score. Efforts are underway to use this database to define the exposure-response curve for Cu excess and deficiency; however, the comprehensive database can be used

to carry out other in-depth analyses on Cu toxicity.”
“BACKGROUND: Seizures as the unique initial manifestation of unruptured intracranial aneurysms have rarely been documented and not systematically described until now.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this large retrospective analysis was to focus on the incidence of primary epileptogenic aneurysms and the influence of treatment on epilepsy.

METHODS: Within a 16-year period, 347 unruptured aneurysms were

surgically treated at centers in Munich (1992-2002) and Dusseldorf (2003-2008), Germany. Of this patient population, 9 patients presented exclusively with epileptic seizures or epileptic equivalents. In AZD5153 chemical structure 3 of them, a high-lying internal carotid artery aneurysm was diagnosed that was buried in the parahippocampal gyrus. In 4 patients, a middle cerebral artery aneurysm also created contact with the mediotemporal lobe adjacent to the parahippocampal gyrus. An anterior communicating artery aneurysm and a pericallosal artery aneurysm were diagnosed in 2 additional patients. Two patients with a middle cerebral artery aneurysm were initially incompletely occluded with Guglielmi detachable coils and continued to have epilepsy after the intervention. In all but 1 patient, the aneurysms were clipped and completely removed.

RESULTS: In all 8 patients operated on, there was no sign of hemorrhage intraoperatively but cortical gliosis was seen around the dome of the aneurysm. In all cases, the aneurysm and the surrounding gliosis, if existent, were surgically removed. Freedom from seizures without medication resulted for all patients after microsurgery.