The retention time, mass spectrum, and tandem mass spectrum of the DME were compared with those of reference standards as well as literature data, and fifty-five components were resolved. Fourteen components were confirmed to have effects on cough and asthma. The current study aimed to establish a reliable and effective method for screening

the potentially bioactive components of CBPP, report for the first time the basis of CBPP pharmacology, and provide useful information for further studies on the CBPP mechanism of action.”
“A new approach to the spectrophotometric determination of metronidazole (MZ) and tinidazole (TZ) has been developed. The procedure involves coupling of diazotized nitroimidazoles with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) to form a greenish-yellow Belnacasan clinical trial solution. Optimal temperature and time were 0 degrees C (iced) Microbiology inhibitor and 3 minutes for diazotization and 30 degrees C and 2 minutes for coupling for both MZ and TZ. Coloured adducts of MZ and TZ showed shoulders at 406 nm and 404 nm, respectively, which were selected as analytical wavelengths. The reaction with p-DMAB occurred in a 1: 1 mole ratio. Beer’s law was obeyed within the 4.8-76.8 mu g mL(-1) concentration range with low limits of detection. The azo adducts were stable for over

a week. Molar absorptivities were 1.10 x 10(3) (MZ) and 1.30 x 10(3) L mol(-1) cm(-1) (TZ). Overall recoveries of MZ and TZ from quality control samples were 103.2 +/- 1.3 and 101.9 +/- 1.3 % over three days. There was no interference from commonly utilized tablet excipients. No significant

difference was obtained between the results of the new method and the BP titrimetric procedures. The azo approach using the p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Etomoxir cost procedure described in this paper is simple, fast, accurate and precise. It is the first application of DMAB as a coupling component in the diazo coupling reaction.”
“The effects of airbag deployment in motor vehicle accidents (MVA) on the fetus are poorly understood. A 22-year-old woman at 24 weeks of gestation collided with a telephone pole while driving. She was restrained and an airbag deployed. Although she had no major injuries, she experienced decreased fetal movements. Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring revealed loss of variability without any evidence of abruptio placentae, and 4 days later, the variability spontaneously recovered. Two weeks after the MVA, ultrasonography showed unilateral ventricular dilatation suggestive of fetal brain injury. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed subdural hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage and cystic lesions, interpreted as indirect (hypoxic-ischemic) and direct (hemorrhagic) intracranial injuries. After MVA with airbag deployment, FHR monitoring can show a transient loss of variability, which may precede the appearance of fetal brain injury.

“
“Purpose: To examine the separation of the pterygomaxillary region at the posterior nasal spine level after Le Fort I osteotomy in Class III patients.

Patients and Methods: The Study group consisted of 37 Japanese patients with mandibular prognathism and asymmetry, with maxillary retrognathism or asymmetry. A total of 74 sides were examined. Le Fort I osteotomy was performed without a pterygoid osteotome, with an ultrasonic curette used to remove Tariquidar interference at the pterygomaxillary region. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) was analyzed for all patients. The separation of the pterygomaxillary region and the location of the descending palatine artery were assessed.

Results: Although

acceptable separation between the maxilla and pterygoid plates was achieved in all patients, in exact separation of the pterygomaxillary junction at the posterior nasal spine level was found in only 18 of 74 sides (24%). In 29 of 74 sides (39.2%), the separation Occurred anterior to the descending palatine artery. in 29 of 74 sides (39.2%), complete separation between the maxilla find more and lateral and/or medial pterygoid plate was not achieved, but lower level separation of the maxilla mid pterygoid plate was always complete. The maxillary segments Could be moved to the postoperative ideal position in all cases.

Conclusion: Le Fort I osteotomy without an osteotome does not always induce an exact separation at the pterygomaxillary

junction at the posterior nasal spine level, but the ultrasonic bone curette can remove the interference

between maxillary segment and pterygoid plates more safely. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral PD173074 datasheet and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“We test the feasibility of using nanostructured electrodes in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells to improve their photovoltaic performance by enhancing their charge collection efficiency and thereby increasing the optimal active blend layer thickness. As a model system, small concentrations of single wall carbon nanotubes are added to blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene): [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester in order to create networks of efficient hole conduction pathways in the device active layer without affecting the light absorption. The nanotube addition leads to a 22% increase in the optimal blend layer thickness from 90 nm to 110 nm, enhancing the short circuit current density and photovoltaic device efficiency by as much as similar to 10%. The associated incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency for the given thickness also increases by similar to 10% uniformly across the device optical absorption spectrum, corroborating the enhanced charge carrier collection by nanostructured electrodes. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3633236]“
“Purpose: To report our experience with 106 cases of lip cancer.

Patients and Methods: We treated 106 patients with stages T1, T2, or T3 lip cancer (76, 22, and 8 cases, respectively).

Ammonium concentrations were kept sufficiently low and with similar values in B-deficient roots when compared to control. Glucose and fructose contents decreased after 24 h of B deprivation. This drop in hexoses, which was corroborated by metabolomic analysis, correlated with higher GDH gene expression. Furthermore, metabolomic profiling showed that concentrations of several

organic acids, phenolics, and amino acids increased after 24 h of B deficiency. Our results suggest that GDH enzyme plays an important role in metabolic acclimation of tobacco roots to B deprivation. A putative model to explain these results is proposed and discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. The aim of this study was to elucidate changes Kinase Inhibitor Library supplier in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in whole saliva during the treatment of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Study design. Twenty-nine consecutive inpatients with OSCC were enrolled. Stimulated saliva was collected just after hospitalization (period 1), just before main

treatment (surgery in 26 cases; period 2), and at the time of discharge (period 3). The mean intervals were 11 +/- 8 days between periods 1 and 2 and 30 +/- 18 days between periods 2 and 3. Nineteen age-matched healthy control subjects were also recruited. Interleukin-6 concentrations were measured by a highly sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay.

Results. Interleukin-6 was detected in 23 out of 29 samples in the OSCC group in period 1. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in the OSCC LGX818 purchase group (mean 20.1 +/- 36.3 pg/mL) than in the control subjects (0.6 +/- 0.8 pg/mL; P = .003). The mean concentration AZD8055 purchase of IL-6 at period 2 was 43.6 +/- 95.6 pg/mL, significantly higher than at period 1 (P = .002), and at period 3 was 17.1 +/- 27.6 pg/mL (P = .52 [compared with period 2]).

Conclusions. Interleukin-6 was up-regulated in saliva in the OSCC patients. The

IL-6 level tended to increase before treatment, and it returned to baseline levels after treatment. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:330-336)”
“Study Design. In vitro and in vivo rat tail model to assess effects of torsion on intervertebral disc biomechanics and gene expression.

Objective. Investigate effects of torsion on promoting biosynthesis and producing injury in rat caudal intervertebral discs.

Summary of Background Data. Torsion is an important loading mode in the disc and increased torsional range of motion is associated with clinical symptoms from disc disruption. Altered elastin content is implicated in disc degeneration, but its effects on torsional loading are unknown. Although effects of compression have been studied, the effect of torsion on intervertebral disc gene expression is unknown.

Methods. In vitro biomechanical tests were performed in torsion on rat tail motion segments subjected to 4 treatments: elastase, collagenase, genipin, control.

“
“In pediatric age and particularly in newborn infants the drug efficacy and safety are influenced by the growth and development on drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME). Thanks to the fast development of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, the drug therapy promises to be adapted to the genetic profile of the individual, reducing considerably the side effects of drugs and increasing their efficacy. Cl-amidine Interindividual variability in drug response

is well known in both adults and children. Such a variability is multifactorial considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Drug distribution in the neonate is influenced by a variety of age-dependent factors as a total body water content and distribution variations, role of drug transporters, blood/tissue protein binding, blood and tissue pH and perfusion. The development of enzymes involved in human metabolism were classified in 3 categories: 1) those expressed during

the whole or part of the fetal period, but silenced or expressed at low levels within 1-2 years after birth; 2) those expressed at relatively constant levels throughout fetal development, but increased to some extent postnatally; and 3) those whose onset of expression can occur in the third trimester, but substantial increase is noted in the first S63845 1-2 years after birth. Besides this intrinsic aspects influencing pharmacokinetics during the neonatal period there are other important events such as inborn or acquired diseases, environment and finally pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Thousands of deaths every years are caused by fatal drug reactions; among the potential causes there are not only the severity of the disease being treated, drug interactions, nutritional status, renal and liver functions, but also the inherited

differences in drug metabolism and ATM Kinase Inhibitor genetic polymorphism. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among pediatric patients have been shown to be three times more frequent than in adults. On August 2010 The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) addressed patient safety issues in the NICU, recognizing that to understand and prevent adverse events, systematic research and education in safety issues needed. From all these concepts in terms of ADME, pharmacogenetics (relative to a single gene) and pharmacogenomics (relative to many genes) it is becoming more evident the perspective of the new concept of individualized medicine. The goal of this should be to identify which group of patients responds positively, which patients are nonresponders and who experiences adverse reaction for the same drug and dose. The interindividual variability in response to any drug is mostly dependent on DNA sequence variations across the human genome, the haplotype map (HAPMAP). At present there is still a big distance beween the knowledge in genetic and the practical application to model the drug profile to the genetic/genomic profile of the single patient.

Of this group, 71 passed bilaterally and 188 failed the re-screening in one or both ears. Therefore, including both the pre-discharge and post-discharge screening results, the bilateral pass rate was 97.3% and 2.7% were referred for diagnostic evaluation.

Diagnostic testing was performed on all Dinaciclib molecular weight of the 188 infants who were referred. Results showed that 47 of these babies had hearing loss. This equates to a positive predictive

value for a refer result of 25%. The observed prevalence of hearing impairment in our population was 0.684%.

Diagnostic results for 141 of the referred newborns proved that they had normal hearing. That is, 141 Out of 6866 newborns had a false-positive result with the MB11 BERAphone (R) screening.

Therefore, the device had a specificity of 97.9%. During the time period Milciclib of this study, no baby who passed the hearing screening was later found to have hearing impairment, suggesting a sensitivity of 100%. However, due to the limited number of newborns and the short time period after screening for the more recently screened babies, a reliable estimate of the sensitivity cannot be yet made from our program statistics. The theoretical sensitivity of the MB11 device is 99.9%.

Conclusions: The Maico MB11 BERAphone (R) is a reliable device for auditory brainstem response newborn hearing screening and it provides results within a very short time. Due to the implemented method for automatic detection of ABR, the use of the device does not require an experienced examiner, allowing it to be used by trained Selleck BKM120 technicians in locations outside the department of audiology such as the well-baby nursery. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a relatively new treatment modality implemented in the surgical management for morbid obesity. It has been well documented that obesity is not only associated with an increased risk of malignancies but is also consistent with

a higher incidence of surgical complications related to its definitive management. In spite of the weight loss experienced by patients with malignancy due to a catabolic state, bariatric surgery might be considered as a step procedure allowing for a more efficient and suitable surgical approach to treat early stage malignancies, thereby decreasing the procedure-related morbidity and mortality. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a primary weight loss procedure in patients with untreated malignancy facilitating a definitive oncologic surgical approach.

After institutional review board approval and following Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act guidelines, we conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database.

Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase) is the only enzyme known that can isomerise specific Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bonds after selleck chemicals phosphorylation and regulate their conformational changes with high efficiency. These Pin1-catalysed conformational changes can have profound effects on phosphorylation signalling by regulating a spectrum of target activities. Interestingly,

Pin1 deregulation is implicated in a number of diseases, notably ageing and age-related diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer disease. Pin1 is overexpressed in most human cancers; it activates numerous oncogenes or growth enhancers and also inactivates a large number of tumour suppressors or growth inhibitors. By contrast, ablation of Pin1 prevents cancer, but eventually leads to premature ageing and neurodegeneration. Consistent Quisinostat with its neuroprotective role, Pin1 has been shown to be inactivated in neurons of patients with Alzheimer disease. Therefore, Pin1-mediated phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerisation represents a unique signalling mechanism that has a pivotal role in the development of human diseases, and might offer an attractive new diagnostic and therapeutic target.”
“Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare effective doses resulting from different scan protocols for cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) using International Commission on Radiological Protection

(ICRP) 1990 and 2007 calculations of dose.

Study design. Average tissue-absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose for a ProMax 3D CBCT with different dental protocols were calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeter chips in a human equivalent phantom. Effective doses were derived using ICRP 1990 and the superseding 2007 recommendations.

Results. Effective doses (ICRP 2007) for default patient sizes from small to large ranged SN-38 clinical trial from 102 to 298 mu Sv. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) between tube current and effective dose (ICRP 2007) was 0.90. When scanning with lower resolution settings, the effective doses were reduced significantly

(P < .05).

Conclusions. ProMax 3D can provide a wide range of radiation dose levels. Reduction in radiation dose can be achieved when using lower settings of exposure parameters. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:770-776)”
“The need for a more sensitive and time-efficient assay for malaria has led to the development of molecular assays involving real-time PCR (qPCR), a procedure that has the potential to detect low levels of parasitemia, identify mixed infections, and allow for precise differentiation of species via melting curve analysis or TaqMan fluorescence-labeled probes. Since the first study published in 2001 at least 17 assays have been developed, most of them using SSUrRNA as the target gene. We used qPCR to detect Plasmodium falciparum and P.

The Antarctic extremophile Chlamydomonas raudensis Ettl. UWO 241 (UWO) was isolated from an ice-covered lake in Antarctica, whereas its mesophilic counterpart C. raudensis Ettl. selleck chemicals SAG 49.72 (SAG) was

isolated from a meadow pool in the Czech Republic. The effects of changes in temperature and salinity on growth, morphology, and photochemistry were examined in the two strains. Differential acclimative responses were observed in UWO which include a wider salinity range for growth, and broader temperature- and salt-induced fluctuations in F(v)/F(m), relative to SAG. Furthermore, the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, measured as 1-q(P), was modulated in the extremophile whereas this was not observed in the mesophile. Interestingly, it is shown for the first time that SAG is similar to UWO in that it is unable to undergo state transitions. The different natural histories of these two strains exert different evolutionary pressures and, consequently, different abilities for acclimation, an important component of phenotypic plasticity. In contrast to SAG, UWO relied on a redox sensing and signalling system under the growth conditions used in this study. It is proposed that growth and adaptation

of UWO under a stressful and extreme environment poises this extremophile for better success under changing environmental conditions.”
“The adhesion-based transfer printing process allows the devices to be fabricated through low temperature process, which is important for realizing flexible electronics with high mobility. Therefore, comprehensive understanding about adhesion between the solid object and the surface of elastomeric stamp (generally, polydimethylsiloxane Selleck LXH254 is used) and the optimal strategy to control adhesion can support the effective and high yield transfer. In this paper, a novel adhesive force measurement system is developed to measure dynamic adhesive forces from the surface on the flexible stamp. The thermodynamic work of adhesion at 10058-F4 the moment of debonding of a tip of sensor from the flexible

stamp is modeled and used for developing the adhesion control strategy. The measurement results show that the work of adhesion is strongly dependent on the peel-off velocity of tip, while the indentation force has only minor effects on it. The effect of Young’s modulus of elastomeric stamp is also investigated using the model of work of adhesion based on the relation between the adhesive force and peel-off velocity. The elastomeric stamp with low Young’s modulus is preferred for efficient transfer printing. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3611033]“
“Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a rare but complex group of inborn metabolic diseases that result in carbohydrate-deficient glycoproteins. Biochemical and clinical features of both types I and II of this group of disorders have been well characterized and reported from various parts of the world except the Middle East.

Many risk factors have been identified, including age at transplantation, fair skin, type of immunosuppressive drugs, cumulative sun exposure, viral infections, and various genetic markers.

Patients with a first NMSC have a 49 times higher risk of developing a subsequent NMSC. Skin self-examination and photoprotection should be encouraged in all transplanted patients. Long-term skin surveillance, early diagnosis and aggressive MI-503 treatment of any suspicious lesion, reduction of immunosuppressive therapy, and conversion to m-TOR inhibitors can be also effective measures for reduction of NMSC incidence. Conclusions NMSC is the most frequent cancer observed in SOTR. Early diagnosis, patient education, and modification of immunosuppression are effective measures for reduction of NMSC incidence.”
“Introduction:

Diagnosis and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important for management and prevention of renal

LDC000067 disease progression. It is unclear whether K/DOQI guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation are applicable to diagnosis of CKD in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and which method is most appropriate for estimating glomerular filtration.

Objectives:

To determine the prevalence and staging of CKD in RTRs, according to K/DOQI guidelines, and the prevalence of complications of CKD.

Subjects and methods:

This cross-sectional study included RTRs at least six months post-transplantation followed at a single out-patient service. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated with two different equations: the MDRD equation (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) with four variables (age, creatinine level, gender, Savolitinib and race) and the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula. Patients with GFR more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were diagnosed with CKD only in the presence of renal damage (hematuria, proteinuria, or evidence of injury in renal biopsy). CKD staging was compared to the two equations and the prevalence

of complications was determined.

Results:

The study evaluated 241 RTRs (average age: 40.6 +/- 12.5 yr, 62.2% male; 4.5% black, 50.6% from cadaveric donors). Average follow-up time was 6.8 +/- 6.1 yr and the average baseline creatinine level was 1.48 +/- 0.72 mg/dL. CKD was diagnosed in 70.5% of RTRs, of whom 52.9% (MDRD)/47.6% (CG) were classified as Stage III (GFR: 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2). The agreement between the two methods was very close with regard to CKD diagnosis (kappa = 0.92) and close for stage-dependent prevalence (kappa = 0.68). The prevalence of anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (HF), hyperuricemia (HU), and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was 10.6%, 7.6%, 10.3%, 54%, and 73.4% for patients with CKD. Significant differences were observed for HU, HF and SAH in patients without CKD. Anemia, HU and SAH were associated with CKD stage (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of CKD in the study population was high (70.5%).

Clinical data including the Unified PD Rating Scale scores (UPDRS), levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), and clinical global

impression of change (CGIC) concerning both motor and neuropsychiatric outcome- were available at 3 time points (preoperative baseline, 6-12 months and 3 years postoperatively).

Results: Implementing a linear mixed model, a significant improvement (p < 0.05) was found for the whole group concerning reduction in motor UPRDS (off state) and LEDD pre- vs. postoperatively, as expected. No difference in clinical outcome was found between carriers and matched non-carriers at baseline or at postoperative follow-up (up to 3 years).

Conclusions: In our study, STN-DBS outcomes were not influenced by the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, and thus knowledge of carrier status may not be relevant to the considerations of patient selection for surgery. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To compare the efficacy Selleckchem Alvocidib and safety of 2 intensification strategies for stepwise

addition of prandial insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin detemir.

Methods: This randomized, controlled, parallel-group, open-label, 48-week trial compared the stepwise addition of insulin aspart to either the largest meal (titration based on premeal GW4869 glucose values [SimpleSTEP]) or to the meal with the largest prandial glucose increment (titration based on postmeal glucose values [ExtraSTEP]) in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin and oral antidiabetes drugs. After 12 weeks of basal insulin detemir dosage optimization, participants with a hemoglobin A(1c) level of 7% or greater entered three 12-week treatment periods with stepwise addition of a first insulin aspart bolus, then a second, and then a third, if hemoglobin A(1c) remained at 7% or greater after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment, respectively. Endpoints included hemoglobin A(1c) (primary endpoint), fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose, adverse events, and hypoglycemia.

Results: Two hundred ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to treatment with insulin aspart in the SimpleSTEP

(n = 150) and ExtraSTEP (n = 146) groups. Hemoglobin A(1c) decreased by approximately 1.2% in both Saracatinib mw groups, to 7.5 +/- 1.1% (SimpleSTEP) and 7.7 +/- 1.2% (ExtraSTEP) at end of trial (estimated treatment difference, SimpleSTEP – ExtraSTEP: -0.06% [95% confidence interval, -0.29 to 0.17]). Self-measured plasma glucose levels decreased with both regimens. At trial end, approximately 75% of patients in each group were using 3 prandial injections. The frequency of adverse events and hypoglycemia was low and similar between groups.

Conclusion: The SimpleSTEP and ExtraSTEP strategies for stepwise addition of insulin aspart to l or more meals were equally effective at intensifying therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes not achieving glycemic control on basal insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. (Endocr Pract.

The appearance of the resultant microcapsules was characterized with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Chemical structure of microcapsules was identified with Fourier-transforming infrared spectrometer. The size and size distribution of the microcapsules were determined by laser particle size analyzer. The thermal property of the microcapsules was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The

stability and dispersibility of the microcapsules in aqueous medium were characterized by evaluating the static water contact angles of the treated cotton fabrics with the emulsions of unencapsulated and microencapsulated AH102 at different storage intervals. The results showed that AH102 was successfully encapsulated and its stability and dispersibility in water were greatly improved. As expected, AZD8186 the emulsion of the microencapsulated AH102 became more stable than that of the unencapsulated one at water repellence to cotton fabric with increasing storage intervals. (C) 2010 this website Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 330-335, 2011″
“Recently it has been suggested that the decline in cardiovascular mortality observed over the last 50 years may

be coming to an end. This alarming trend, which has been noted mainly in younger adults from lower socioeconomic strata, may be linked to other changes, namely the increasing prevalence of modifiable risk factors, selleck products the most important of which is obesity. In contrast, our ability to predict cardiovascular risk continues to improve steadily, although it is unclear which will be its ability in designing more effective global preventive measures. Coronary heart disease appears to develop through multiple pathways, whose association with cardiovascular risk is mediated by complex processes involving numerous factors ranging from genetic predisposition to unfavorable socioeconomic circumstances. Although some attention has been paid to the latter, more effort has been put into controlling isolated risk factors. For example, numerous

large studies have involved looking at the effect of single-drug therapies aimed at specific targets rather than examining more comprehensive approaches to managing multiple risk factors. In conclusion, an effective strategy for controlling modifiable risk factors in both individuals and populations must address this complex scenario and should consider significant socioeconomic factors such as education, income and the built environment. The unfavorable trend observed in cardiovascular health makes it essential that current preventive strategies are reassessed.”
“Purpose: Our previous study showed that radiation exposure reduced the diversity of repertoires of memory thymus-derived cells (T cells) with cluster of differentiation (CD)-4 among atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors.