5 years off treatment) reported 14 unique health states. The majority of survivors (61 %) enjoyed a perfect selleck chemical health, but 21 % had three affected attributes. Overall, HRQL was nonsignificantly lower compared to the norm, although the difference was large and may be clinically relevant. Cognition

was significantly impaired (p = 0.03).

Although 61 % of short-term survivors of ALL report no impairment, the health status of the other patients lead to a clinically important impaired HRQL compared to norms. Prospective studies assessing utility scores associated with pediatric ALL should be performed, enabling valid and reliable cost-utility analyses for policy makers to make informed decisions.”
“The aim of this study is to assess any cerebral dysfunction in young children, who experienced febrile seizures, by, population means of magnetoencephalography. Our study included 15 children (9 boys, 6 girls) within the age range of 2 to 7 years. The magnetoencephalography data were recorded with a 122-channel biomagnetometer.

Equivalent current dipoles were calculated for epileptic spikes on magnetoencephalography recordings according to the single dipole model. Of 15 children, 8 showed equivalent current dipoles that located at the left-temporal, right-temporal, occipital, and frontal lobe, as active regions responsible for febrile seizures. We assumed that the interictal epileptiform discharges are a consequence of febrile seizures. Of course, further study in a larger number of patients is needed to evaluate the exact role of the equivalent current dipoles, in young children, who experienced febrile seizures.”
“For more than 20 years, the this website Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) has developed policies and bylaws relating to equitable allocation of deceased donor organs for transplantation. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) operates the OPTN under contract with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services (HHS). Until recent years, Gamma-secretase inhibitor the OPTN had little defined authority regarding living donor organ for transplantation except for the collection of data relating to living donor transplants.

Beginning with the implementation of the OPTN Final Rule in 2000, and continuing with more recent announcements, the OPTN’s role in living donation has grown. Its responsibilities now include monitoring of living donor outcomes, promoting equity in nondirected living donor transplantation and ensuring that transplant programs have expertise and established protocols to promote the safety of living donors and recipients. The purpose of this article is to describe the evolving mandates for the OPTN in living donation, as well as the network’s recent activities and ongoing efforts.”
“Background: Currently, there is insufficient evidence available regarding the relationship between level of physical fitness and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in younger adults.

The sensitivity of nonenhanced CT for the diagnosis of 5% or greater and 30% or greater hepatic steatosis with use of the lower limit of the reference range as the diagnostic cutoff was determined. The effects of subject age and sex, CT scanner type, and hepatic iron on the CT(L-S) were evaluated by using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results: Ninety-six subjects (48 men, 48 women) were found to have a histologically proved nonsteatotic liver, with an estimated reference range for CT(L-S) values of 1-18 HU. With a CT(L-S) of less than 1 HU as the criterion for hepatic steatosis, the sensitivities

of nonenhanced CT for 5% or greater and 30% or greater hepatic steatosis were 18.6% (29 of 156 subjects) and 67 % (26 of 39 subjects), see more respectively. Subject age had a significant but negligible effect on CT L Selleckchem Galardin 2 S (0.076-HU increase per year of age, P = .009), subject sex and scanner type

had no effects on CT(L-S), and hepatic iron deposition significantly increased the CT(L-S) (1.434-HU increase per increase in iron deposition grade, P = .011).

Conclusion: The histologically proved reference range of CT(L-S) values for nonsteatotic livers was 1-18 HU. A CT(L-S) of less than 1 HU could be used as a conservative criterion for diagnosing hepatic steatosis with nonenhanced CT more consistently. (C)RSNA, 2011″
“. Recipients of haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection relative to the

general US population. However, the natural course of HCV infection in patients with renal failure, including African Americans (AAs) and Caucasian Americans (CAs), is not well known. We compared the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis in AA and CA patients with HCV infection, with and without ESRD. This PLX3397 was a cross-sectional study of 156 HCV patients with ESRD (130 AAs and 26 CAs) with a liver biopsy between 1992 and 2005. The control group consisted of 138 patients (50 AAs; 88 CAs) with HCV infections and a serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL with a liver biopsy between 1995 and 1998. Specimens were graded for inflammation and fibrosis using Knodell histological activity index. Compared to patients without renal impairment, HCV patients with renal failure were older and more likely to be AA. Patients with renal impairment had lower mean serum transaminases, a higher mean serum alkaline phosphatase levels (all P < 0.0001) and less hepatic necro-inflammation (Knodell histological activity index -I, II and III; P < 0.05) and fibrosis (Knodell histological activity index -IV; P < 0.0001). There were no racial differences in serum liver chemistry and histology scores among patients with renal failure. In a multivariate analysis, younger age, ESRD, AA race and a lower serum alkaline phosphatase were associated with lower odds for advanced liver fibrosis.

Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:252-7.”
“A series of nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin aqueous solution. PVA and gelatin was dissolved MGCD0103 in vivo in pure water and blended in full range, then being electrospun to prepared nanofibers, followed by being crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor and heat treatment to form nanofibrous scaffold.

Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the nanofibers manifested that the fiber average diameters decreased from 290 to 90 nm with the increasing of gelatin. In vitro degradation rates of the nanofibers were also correlated with the composition and physical properties of electrospinning solutions. Cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated

by cells morphology and MTT assay. The FESEM images revealed that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts spread and elongated actively on the scaffolds with spindle-like and star-type shape. The results of cell attachment and proliferation on the nanofibrous scaffolds suggested that the cytotoxicity of all samples are grade 1 or grade 0, indicating that the material had sound biosafety as biomaterials. Compared with pure PVA and gelatin scaffolds, the hybrid ones possess improved biocompatibility and controllability. These results indicate that the PVA/gelatin nanofibrous have potential as skin scaffolds or wound dressing. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: check details buy Bafilomycin A1 3047-3055, 2011″
“We have investigated the availability of liquid crystalline thin films as a precursor of quality polycrystalline thin films for organic field effect transistors

(OFETs) by solution process. The experiments of spin-coating at various temperatures proved that the morphology of resulting polycrystalline thin films at room temperature strongly depend on what the films immediately after spin-coating and solvent evaporation at those temperatures were, i.e., crystal, liquid crystal, or isotropic liquid. The polycrystalline films spin-coated at the temperatures for crystal and isotropic liquid phases were much roughened owing to many small crystal flakes and droplets. On the other hand, the thin films spin-coated at liquid crystal temperatures were very uniform in a whole area and showed high FET mobility having a small variation from device to device. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3563586]“
“Background: The delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases, encoded by the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, are rate-limiting enzymes in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster region have been associated with both PUFA concentrations in plasma or erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and cholesterol concentrations in recent genome-wide association studies.

Conclusion: Daily supplementation for 2 y with 80-120 mg soy hypocotyl isoflavones has minimal risk in healthy menopausal women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT00665860 Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:356-67.”
“A number of exciting findings have been made in astrocytes during the past 15 years that have led many researchers to redefine how the brain works. Astrocytes are now widely regarded as cells that propagate Ca(2+) over long distances in response to Stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca(2+)-dependent

manner to modulate a host of important brain functions. Although these discoveries have S63845 research buy been very exciting, it is essential to place them in the proper context of the approaches used to obtain them to determine their relevance to brain physiology. This review revisits the key observations made in astrocytes that greatly impact how they are thought to regulate brain function, including the existence of widespread propagating intercellular

Ca(2+) waves, data suggesting that astrocytes signal to neurons through Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate, and evidence for the presence of vesicular machinery for the regulated exocytosis of gliotransmitters.”
“Background: Chemical insecticides against mosquitoes Cyclopamine inhibitor are a major component of malaria control worldwide. Fungal entomopathogens formulated as biopesticides and applied as insecticide residual sprays could augment current control strategies and mitigate the evolution of resistance to chemical-based insecticides.

Methods: Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were exposed to Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium acridum fungal spores and sub-lethal effects of exposure to fungal infection were studied, especially the potential for reductions in feeding and host location behaviours related to olfaction. Electrophysiological techniques, such as electroantennogram, electropalpogram and single sensillum recording techniques were then employed to investigate how fungal exposure affected Citarinostat research buy the olfactory responses in mosquitoes.

Results:

Exposure to B. bassiana caused significant mortality and reduced the propensity of mosquitoes to respond and fly to a feeding stimulus. Exposure to M. acridum spores induced a similar decline in feeding propensity, albeit more slowly than B. bassiana exposure. Reduced host-seeking responses following fungal exposure corresponded to reduced olfactory neuron responsiveness in both antennal electroantennogram and maxillary palp electropalpogram recordings. Single cell recordings from neurons on the palps confirmed that fungal-exposed behavioural non-responders exhibited significantly impaired responsiveness of neurons tuned specifically to 1-octen-3-ol and to a lesser degree, to CO(2).

“
“Rapid detection kits for toxin A/B in feces are widely MK 1775 used as a diagnostic tool for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Their low sensitivity, however,

has been considered a problem. In this study, we evaluated a new rapid diagnostic kit for simultaneous detection of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen and toxin A/B, C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE. A total of 60 stool specimens from 60 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were examined. Using C. difficile culture as the reference method, the GDH portion of this kit indicated a sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of 100, 93.3, and 100%, respectively. The toxin A/B portion showed a sensitivity and specificity of 78.6 and 96.9%, respectively, compared to the culture results of toxin B-positive C. difficile (toxigenic culture). Of the 23 specimens that showed “”dual positives”" for GDH and toxin A/B, 22 were toxigenic culture positive, whereas C. difficile culture was negative in all the 28 specimens that showed “”dual negatives”" for GDH and toxin A/B. Of the nine “”GDH-positive and toxin A/B-negative”" specimens, six exhibited positive results by toxigenic culture. Results showing “”dual positives”" and “”dual negatives”" for GDH

and toxin A/B can be reported as “”true positive”" and “”true negative,”" respectively, whereas additional testing for confirmation, such as toxigenic culture, is required for specimens with discrepant results. Diagnostic algorithms, utilizing the simultaneous SRT2104 cost detection kit for GDH and toxin A/B as an initial screening test, may be useful for accurate and efficient diagnosis of CDI as well as the control of healthcare-associated infections.”
“Metformin is a kind of oral hypoglycemic agents commonly prescribed to patients with diabetes mellitus. Although past

studies had proven its protective effect on cardiovascular risk and related mortality, the evidence of metformin on stroke prevention was still this website insufficient and conflicting. Our study randomly selected 14,856 patients with diabetes from the database provided by the Taiwan National Health Research Institute, and 2 cohorts were formulated according to whether metformin was in the prescription record. All cases were followed up for 4 years to track their stroke incidence. As a result, 701 (17.5%) of 3999 diabetic patients had stroke without metformin use, whereas 994 (9.2%) of 10,857 patients had stroke with metformin use. Cox proportional hazard regressions showed that the stroke hazard ratio (HR) of metformin was .383. After adjustment for the patients’ age, gender, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and medications including antiplate-lets, coumadin, statin, and estrogen use, the HR was still .468. Further stratified analysis revealed that metformin had more protective effect in the patients with higher risk of stroke.

“
“Interspecies differences in the accumulation of dietary tributyltin (TBT) between sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major, were studied. Although TBTs in both species reached steady-state condition in low-concentration group (L-group, 200 ng/g nominal concentration) by 1 week, it increased up to the end of exposure in high-concentration group (H-group, 3000 ng/g nominal concentration). In H-group, the accumulation

rate of TBT in sea perch from 1 to 2 weeks was much higher than in red sea bream, which were 2.4-fold for sea perch and 1.7-fold for red sea bream, although TBT concentrations were similar between sea perch and red sea bream in L-group. Furthermore, in the H-group, the concentrations of TBT at 1 and 2 weeks were about 1.3- and 1.9-fold, respectively, CHIR-99021 chemical structure Adriamycin higher in the sea perch than in the red sea bream. On the other hand, DBT residue in red sea bream was about 1.4-fold higher in sea perch for the L-group but concentrations were similar in both fishes for the H-group. These results

suggest that red sea bream could metabolize faster the TBT to DBT than sea perch. This study also reveals that fish probably could absorb TBT through the food chain. The uptake of TBT by fish should be regarded in the real environment, because TBT concentration in seawater has been decreasing and now already at significantly low level. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 29-36, 2011.”
“Advances in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have resulted in improved DMXAA survival. However, short and long-term mortality in patients with a restrictive atrial septum remains high. All neonates diagnosed with HLHS from 2003 to 2010 at our institution were evaluated.

Patients who underwent atrial septostomy within the first 72 h conformed the restrictive atrial septum group (HLHS-RS). Patients with a non-restrictive communication (HLHS-NRS) formed the control group. Outcomes and survival status were determined from review of medical records. Of the 141 newborns diagnosed with HLHS, 20 (14 %) required intervention for a restrictive atrial septum. Procedural success was achieved in 17/20 (85 %) patients. Complications occurred in ten procedures, two of which were life threatening. No procedural deaths occurred. Overall median follow up was 35.5 months (0.4-104). Initial hospitalization survival was 16/20 (80 %) for the HLHS-RS group and 114/121(94 %) for the HLHS-NRS (p = 0.028). Twenty (14 %) patients were lost to follow up and 9 (6 %) underwent heart transplant. Overall survival was 10/16 (62 %) for HLHSRS patients and 77/95 (81 %) for HLHS-NRS (p = 0.1). Survival after initial discharge was 10/12 (83 %) for the HLHS-RS group and 77/88 (87 %) for the HLHS-NRS (p = 0.67). No predictors for HLHS-RS outcome were identified. Mortality at first-stage palliation in HLHS neonates with a restrictive atrial septum remains higher than in those with an unrestrictive communication.

Measurements of crystal structure, Curie temperature, magnetization, and magnetostriction were made on TbxPr1-x(Fe0.8Co0.2)(1.9) alloys. X-ray diffraction results show that the alloys exhibit C15 cubic Laves phase with MgCu2-type structure. The lattice parameter decreases with increasing Tb concentration, while the Curie temperature increases. Because of the antiparallel magnetic moment of Tb and Pr, the saturation magnetization decreases with increasing Tb concentration. The magnetostriction

of TbxPr1-x(Fe0.8Co0.2)(1.9) shows a peak at low magnetic fields, while Navitoclax manufacturer that of TbxPr1-x(Fe0.8Co0.2)(1.9) exhibits a minimum in the whole range of magnetic fields. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3073849]“
“Objective: AZD0530 Describe the main activation and inhibitory pathways and receptors by which pDC regulate type I interferon secretion, as well as its association with autoimmune pathology.

Methods: A PubMed search for articles was conducted using the following key words: plasmacytoid dendritic cells, autoimmune diseases, viral infections and type I interferon. The search was limited to publications in English

and from 1957 to 2012. Sixty-five of these articles are included in this review. The most relevant primary research articles identified were critically evaluated and compiled together. Particularly, areas of consensus and controversy were identified and analyzed.

Results: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been closely related to viral infections and autoimmune disease, mainly because of these immune cells are able to secrete large amounts of type I interferon. This function is linked with their expression of Toll-like receptors, specially TLR7 and TLR9, which are designed to sense nucleic acids in the early endosomes. Activated pDC can promote immunity and autoimmunity, however, the exact mechanisms by which pDC promote

one vs. the other are not well understood.

Conclusions: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells play a key role in both, immunity and autoimmunity. Current evidence suggests that the sustained overproduction of type-I interferon drives aberrant immune responses and the development of autoimmune pathology. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Lymph node status in EC determines INCB028050 price the staging and has important prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Objectives: We have examined the diagnostic value of preoperative and intraoperative non-invasive methods to determine the lymph node status in endometrial cancer, or, indirectly, for identification of patients at increased risk of lymph node involvement.

Search strategy: We conducted a literature search to identify all relevant reports that evaluated lymph node spread in EC.

Selection criteria: Articles were only considered when data of investigational modalities were compared with histopathological findings of the surgical specimens, considered as the gold standard.

Further elucidation of these mechanisms will be particularly important for understanding cell-specific and ligand-specific functions of each NR. Emerging genomic technologies such as ChIP-seq and GRO-seq Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library cell line provide insights on a larger scale leading to deeper understanding of the complexities of transcriptional regulation by NRs. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Objective:

To assess the correlation between the enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) diameter and (1) the hearing loss level (mild, moderate, severe and profound and (2) the hearing evolution. The secondary objective was to obtain measurement limits on the coronal plane of the temporal bone CT scan for the diagnosis of EVA.

Methods: Retrospective study in a tertiary pediatric center. Mastoid CT scans were reviewed to measure the VA diameter at its midpoint and operculum on axial and coronal planes in a pathologic and normal population. We

used their serial audiograms to assess the evolution of hearing.

Results: 101 EVA was identified out of 1812 temporal bones CT scan from our radiologic database in 8 years. Bone conduction was stable after a mean follow-up of 40.9 +/- 32.9 months. PTA has been the most affected in time by the EVA (p = 0.006). No correlation was identified between impedancemetry and the www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-6258.html diameter of the EVA. On the diagnostic audiogram, 61% of hearing loss were in the mild and moderate hearing levels; GDC-0994 at the end of the follow-up 64% of hearing loss are still in the mild and moderate hearing levels. The cut-off values for the coronal midpoint and operculum planes on the CT scan to diagnose an EVA are 2.4 mm and 4.34 mm respectively.

Conclusions: Conductive or mixed hearing loss might be the first manifestation of EVA. Coronal CT scan cuts can provide additional information to evaluate EVA especially when axial cuts are not conclusive. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The physiological action of the MOD-19 polysaccharide (PS), synthesized similarly to bacterial glucans, on the nodule bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum

bv. viciae and pea seeds was studied. It was found that MOD-19 stimulated nodule bacterium growth and bacterial biomass accumulation. It also altered metabolism in rhizobia grown in solid and liquid media containing this polymer. Treatment of pea seeds with MOD-19 before sowing increased the intensity of root formation, plant tissue peroxidase activity, and general symbiosis efficiency owing to secondary nodule formation on lateral roots and prolongation of their intense nitrogen fixation.”
“A 60-year old male patient with multiple risk factors and two previous interventions over the mitral valve was admitted to the emergency unit with symptoms of cardiac failure. Initial examination revealed a competent mitral bioprosthesis with severe perivalvular mitral insufficiency.

“
“The blends of pectin (PEC) and

poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at different components ratios were prepared by mixing in water. Thin polymeric films of PEC/PVA blends and pure polymers were obtained by casting method. All samples were then artificially aged using Suntest apparatus (Atlas) up to 780 h. The changes in chemical structure during sample ageing have been monitored by infrared and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopies. The first stage of weathering (up to similar to 300 h) was very slow and alteration of chemical structure was negligible in all samples. Prolonged ageing (>300 h) caused more significant degradation VX-680 processes. FTIR spectra exhibited the highest changes in hydroxyl and carbonyl band ranges indicating the efficient photooxidation of macromolecules. The mechanisms of the observed processes have been discussed. It was found that PVA undergoes faster photoxidative degradation than pectin aged at the same conditions. The

PEC/PVA blends exhibited the improved resistance to weathering comparing with both polymers aged individually. Mutual stabilization effect can be explained by intermolecular interactions between PEC and PVA confirmed by spectroscopic methods. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1936-1945, 2011″
“One problem in imaging is due to coexistence of double stable responses which can reduce the precision of find protocol Go 6983 research buy the images. Our target is comparing coexistence of double responses in liquid with responses obtained in air. Contact forces have some differences in liquid in comparison to air in magnitude and in the formulation. Hydrodynamic forces are also applied on the cantilever. This may change the nonlinear dynamics of tapping-mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in liquid in comparison to air. In this paper, we have simulated a tapping-mode AFM (TMAFM)

cantilever in liquid environment and explored the existence of multi responses in amplitude and phase diagrams. For modeling we have used a continuous beam model with its first mode and forward-time simulation method for the solution of its hybrid dynamics. Frequency response results of the simulation show a good agreement with experiments. The results for studying the nonlinear dynamics of an AFM microcantilever show that while there are two stable responses in air, in liquid just one response exists. Amplitude diagrams show that there is not any shift from low amplitude to high amplitude and both diagrams of sweeping up and down of the driving frequency coincide on each other. Average force diagrams show that in liquid there is not any repulsive regime and the magnitude of attractive force is small too. Sensitivity analysis for studying the effect of the free amplitude shows that in common setpoints double responses do not occur in liquid.

05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) was examined using two acute thermal tests (hot plate and tail flick) and one chronic pain test (magnesium sulfate abdominal constriction). Locomotor stimulant Apoptosis inhibitor responses to fentanyl (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) and morphine (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) were also examined. In addition, MADR was measured in the progenitor strains [(C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2)] of the F2 population from which the selected lines were generated. The MADR lines did not differ in sensitivity to the analgesic effects of fentanyl; however, MALDR mice exhibited greater locomotor

activation than MAHDR mice to both fentanyl and morphine. D2 mice consumed more MA than B6 mice. The line differences for MA consumption and morphine activation recapitulated B6 and D2 strain differences for these two traits, but not strain differences previously found for opioid https://www.selleckchem.com/products/JNJ-26481585.html analgesic responses. These results support a negative genetic correlation between MA consumption and sensitivity to the stimulant effects of opioids and suggest the involvement of MOP-r regulated systems in MA intake.”
“A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: Does the

use of thiopental provide added cerebral protection during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA)? Altogether, more than 62 papers were found using the reported search, of which 7 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Four of the seven papers used thiopental alongside other neuroprotective methods and agents. The methods included the use of ice packs to the head and core systemic hypothermia. Agents used alongside

thiopental included nicardipine and mannitol. Thiopental was found to have the ability to lower oxygen consumption, where oxygen consumption was measured using the phosphocreatinine and adenosine triphosphate ratio. The neuroprotective effect of thiopental was evaluated by assessing the electrical activity of the brain during circulatory arrest, by which it was shown to be advantageous. However, other trials suggested that adding thiopental during ISRIB nmr circulatory arrest did not provide any extra protection to the brain. The timing of thiopental administration is of importance in order to gain positive outcomes, as it’s ability to lower the cerebral energy state may result in unfavourable results if added before hypothermic circulatory arrest, where this may lead to an ischaemic event. We conclude that the use of thiopental during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is beneficial, but if administered too early, it may replete the cerebral energy state before arrest and prove to be detrimental.