In the context of this study, distributive justice refers LY2835219 mouse to

how risks, benefits and costs – be it social, economic or ecological – of marine finfish aquaculture activities are distributed among various actors. Recognition is associated with the question of whether different actors are considered and consulted as relevant stakeholders for any decision related to fish farms. Participative justice means to be able to participate effectively in decision-making process. This is not only restricted to having the right to participate or being consulted, but also whether there are well-established inclusive participatory mechanisms through which actors can make their voices heard. The capabilities aspect [11], [12] and [15] is linked to the extent to which aquaculture activities generate a risk (or support) to the integrity and proper functioning of individuals and coastal Buparlisib chemical structure communities. This embraces a range of basic needs, sustaining one׳s livelihood, culture and socioeconomic activities, and social, economic and political rights. Schlosberg׳s framework of environmental justice is

employed to elaborate this analysis for several reasons. First, this analytical framework has already been successfully applied to conflict studies related to other sectors such as forestry and mining [16] and [17]. Secondly, through a plural understanding of the concept, i.e. complementing the distributional aspect with recognition, participation and capabilities, it enables a comprehension of the wide range of demands selleck antibody encountered in these conflicts. Thirdly, this perspective emphasizes that theorizing from movement experience is suitable for studying conflicts since

such an approach brings theory and practice together. Fourthly, the framework emphasizes justice both at individual and community levels. This is very useful for the article׳s purposes since the analysis includes different groups within various communities, who did not only have claims for individual justice, but also for the social cohesion and broader functioning of their communities. Finally, this approach helps to structure the information in a way that enables considering the transformative policy aspiration in these conflicts. In this way, based on the data and the methodology explained in the next section and with the following results, the paper underlines their significance for policymaking and the aquaculture-related research agenda. Socio-environmental conflicts related to the use of nature and waste disposal have been widely studied [16], [18] and [19]. This body of literature includes studies on aquaculture-related conflicts from all over the world [9], [10], [20], [21], [22] and [23].

“
“Monitoring sensu stricto includes the rigorous sampling of a biological, physical and/or chemical ecosystem component for a well-defined purpose and against a well-defined end-point ( McLusky and Elliott, 2004). That aim may be the detection of a trend or the

non-compliance with a threshold, standard, trigger value or baseline, thus leading to a well-defined (and agreed in advance) policy action ( De Jonge et al., 2006). In this way, aquatic and marine legislation worldwide requires adequate and rigorous monitoring at different spatial and temporal scales, such as in the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Oceans Policy (USA), the Oceans Act (Canada, Australia), the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Europe) ( Borja et al., 2008). Despite this, monitoring sensu lato Selleckchem ZD1839 Apitolisib cell line has achieved many other meanings, many of which now codified in the above legislation. In a previous Editorial, we identified 10 types of monitoring ( Elliott, 2011), covering everything from wide surveillance (for which a pre-determined endpoint may not have been defined), through operational monitoring (by an industry wanting to know or demonstrate its performance), to investigative monitoring (also called diagnostic monitoring, which is better regarded as applied research possibly to find

the cause of a measured effect). Although making the concepts of monitoring more complex, each of these 10 types has been defined for a purpose – again with an intent to aid in management, to provide relevant and timely information. U0126 manufacturer Similarly, we have indicated

the 18 characteristics of monitoring programmes and the indicators of change detected during those programmes ( Elliott, 2011). Hence, the need for a rigorous, scientifically and legally defendable approach and resulting data is clear. For example, most monitoring required by statutory agencies, especially that linked to conditions stipulated in licences/permits/consents/authorisations, have to stand up to legal scrutiny otherwise there will be legal challenges either on the developer (the industry or pollution discharger) or the regulator issuing the permissions to operate. Many Editorials and papers in Marine Pollution Bulletin have emphasised the importance of monitoring in marine waters (e.g. Tanabe, 1993, Pearce, 1998 and Wells and Sheppard, 2007). Our journal has published a total of 270 papers, having the word ‘monitoring’ in the title, since the first volume ( Holden, 1970) to the recent ones ( Purser and Thomsen, 2012). Despite the importance of monitoring, in terms of non-compliance with a threshold and the subsequent need for (expensive) policy and managerial actions, the current global economic crisis, and especially cuts in government spending, is leading many countries (and industries) trying to save money in their monitoring budgets.

Kilgour

et al. (2004) compared seven indices with scores from three ordination axes. They found that the ordinations were more sensitive and concluded “we recommend that any suite of indices used for assessing benthic communities should include these types of multivariate metrics”. This nicely illustrates how ordination can be used to find the best linear additive model equivalent to an index, to produce a “pollution score” for a sample. Griffith et al. (2002) used both community metrics and a MV analysis to assess stream phytoplankton assemblages in mineral-rich streams, and found that the two approaches were sensitive to different environmental factors. Collier (2008) used eight metrics in a PCA (not a great idea we don’t think) to develop a “Multivariate Selleck UK-371804 Condition Score”, and compared it to Karr’s Index of Biotic Integrity. The Reference Condition

approach can be implemented either with an index/metric approach or a MV approach, or both. Finally, there are other approaches, new ones that do not fit into either the index/metric category or the MV analysis category. Warwick and Clarke, 1993, Warwick and Clarke, 1995 and Warwick and Clarke, 1998 and Clarke and Warwick, 1998a and Clarke and Warwick, 1998b have done pioneering work on new concepts related to community response to pollution stress such as taxonomic distinctness and structural redundancy. In summary, avoid using indices because of information loss and the likelihood that their

use will lead to misleading conclusions. If you absolutely must use indices for some non-scientific XL184 in vitro reason (hopefully not simply because your computer program calculates them!), use them together with other statistical methods that retain more of the information in the biological data set. Developing simplistic numbers simply to satisfy the least knowledgeable scientists and managers is hardly the best way to advance either scientific knowledge or management decision-making. “
“Since the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) was adopted in 2008, EU member states must develop activities to achieve “good environmental status” (GES) in the European marine environment by the year 2020 VAV2 (established in the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU of the 1st of September 2010). As well as many other tasks such as the conservation of biodiversity and the fight against oil pollution, the problem of marine litter, particularly plastics, has been recognized at the European level by a specific task group. Although monitoring programs of plastic pollution have long been implemented, and impacts on fish and seabirds have been reported, for example those induced by swallowing or entanglement in plastic items or ropes, more research is needed to support appropriate activities against other negative impacts of plastics on marine ecosystems. Adverse effects on marine organisms, particularly of microplastics (<5 mm) are investigated occasionally only.

Integrated FDG-PET/CT imaging which has the benefit of combining metabolic and anatomic data demonstrated on initial studies to be superior to CT alone and FDG-PET alone with pooled average sensitivity of 73%, average specificity of 80%, accuracy of 87% and negative predicative value of 91% [7]. Therefore, selleck chemicals llc FDG-PET can decrease the number of futile thoracotomies by 20% [14]. Due to false positive results, positive PET findings should be confirmed by targeted biopsy prior to surgical resection of the primary tumor. Mediastinoscopy remains the standard for mediastinal staging,

even when lymph nodes are not accessible by mediastinoscope and it should be done in all cases with positive FDG-PET mediastinal lymph nodes [15]. Omitting invasive procedures is recommended by European Society of Thoracic Surgeons in case of peripheral tumors and negative FDG-PET lymph node results. On the other hand, central tumors, PET-based hilar N1 disease, low FDG uptake of the primary tumor and lymph nodes larger than 15 mm on CT scan should be surgically staged [16]. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) permits identification buy MK-2206 and localization of mediastinal lymph nodes during flexible bronchoscopy and allows a more reliable needle aspiration of small lymph nodes with great sensitivity. A sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100% are comparable to surgical

staging of the paratracheal, subcarinal and hilar lymphadenopathy [17] and [18]. According to the most recent recommendations from the National

Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), FDG-PET positive mediastinal lymph nodes should be sampled with endobronchial ultrasound/trans-bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) whenever possible with pathologic confirmation by mediastinoscopy when EBUS result is negative. The new 7th edition of TNM staging system has subcategorized M descriptor into intrathoracic metastasis (M1a) that includes malignant pleural effusion, pleural dissemination, pericardial disease and pulmonary nodules in the contralateral lung, and extrathoracic metastasis (M1b) that commonly involves liver, adrenal glands, OSBPL9 brain and bones. Malignant pleural effusion is associated with poor outcome leading to its subclassification as M1a disease as compared with T4 disease previously. Pleural involvement by lung cancer can be secondary to direct invasion or metastatic deposits. Pleural effusion can develop in any lung cancer histologic type, though it is more commonly seen with adenocarcinomas which can cause diffuse nodular pleural thickening mimicking malignant pleural mesothelioma [19]. Inflammatory and infectious conditions can be benign causes of pleural effusion which cannot be differentiated from malignant pleural effusion on CT or ultrasound unless pleural masses are identified. PET imaging has a high sensitivity for the detection of both primary lung cancer and pleural deposits [20]. Cytologic examination can detect approximately 65% of malignant effusions.

, 2012) and those reported in the literature (Chen and Moldoveanu, 2003). This confirms that there were no problems with the generation of the test material. The two single blend cigarette types were very similar regarding their construction; e.g., cigarette and tobacco weight, cigarette length, and total alkaloids (data not given). However, due to a reduced filter efficiency and filter ventilation, distinctively higher in their smoke yields than the reference cigarette. Accordingly, the basic chemistry parameters of the single blend cigarettes are comparable and do not point to any differences in the combustion characteristics of these cigarettes. The assay

system responded to CSC in a dose-related manner and, furthermore, was able to discriminate between cigarettes CHIR-99021 mouse with different tobacco fillers. This raises the question of which substances or classes of substances are responsible for the effect on intercellular communication. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which occur in cigarette smoke, have attracted the special attention of some researchers. PAHs give a considerable response at a concentration of approximately 50 μmol/l in the exposure medium (Upham et al., 2008, Tai et al., 2007, Sharovskaya et al., 2006 and Blaha et al., 2002). Particularly active are those with a bay or bay-like region, e.g., methyl anthracene (Rummel et al., 1999).

Assuming a molecular weight of 250 for the PAHs, this corresponds to 12.5 μg PAHs/ml Sotrastaurin in vivo exposure medium. Assuming further a

delivery of 10 ng PAHs/mg TPM (Roemer et al., 2012 and Ding et al., 2008), then 0.5 ng PAHs were applied with the 0.05 mg TPM/ml in our assay system to obtain a reduction in gap junctions of approximately 50%. Accordingly, the amount of PAHs alone is more than three Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase orders of magnitude too low to explain the response to TPM. Nitrosated compounds have been identified as actively interfering with intercellular communication (Tiedink et al., 1991). There is also one publication where the carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) has been researched (Lyng et al., 1996). The authors reported that 5 ng NNAL/ml produced a reversible inhibition of intercellular communication. Assuming a delivery of approximately 10 ng NNK/mg TPM or 0.5 ng/0.05 mg TPM applied in our system, this points to a possibly relevant contribution to the effect by this chemical class, especially when considering that other tobacco specific nitrosamines may act in the same direction. However, there are no reports that these results have been reproduced in the same laboratory or by other researchers. Reports on the effect of other smoke constituents, e.g., dioxins (Warngard et al.

2 kPa; split ratio of 1:10 and volume injected of 1 μl (1% solution in dichloromethane). The following conditions were used for the mass spectrometer (MS): impact energy of 70 eV; decomposition velocity of 1000, decomposition interval of 0.50 and fragments of 45 Da and 450 Da decomposed. A mixture of linear hydrocarbons

(C9H20; C10H22; C11H24;…C24H50; C25H52; C26H54) was injected under identical conditions. The mass spectra obtained were compared to those of the database (Wiley 229), and the Kovats retention index (KI) calculated for each peak was compared to the values described by Adams (2007). The quantification of EO constituents was conducted with a Shimadzu gas chromatograph (Model PLX4032 concentration GC 17A) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) under the following conditions: DB5 capillary column; column temperature programmed at an initial temperature of 40 °C and a final temperature of 240 °C; injector temperature of 220 °C; detector temperature of 240 °C; nitrogen

carrier gas (2.2 ml/min); split ratio of 1:10; volume injected of 1 μl (1% solution in dichloromethane) and column pressure of 115 kPa. The quantification of each constituent was obtained by means of area normalization (%). Batches of mortadella-type sausages were formulated with different concentrations of sodium nitrite (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and winter savory EO at concentrations of 7.80, 15.60 and 31.25 μl/g. The EO concentrations were determined according EPZ-6438 molecular weight to the results obtained from the microbiological assays in another

step of study (Oliveira et al., 2011); the sodium nitrite concentrations were determined according to Brazilian legislation limits for additives and preservatives in meat products (Brazil, 2009). The different treatments evaluated (Essential oil × Sodium nitrite) were based on Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC concentrations) and the possible combined effects of EO and minimized amounts of sodium nitrite. Parvulin Batches of mortadella-type sausages were formulated with different concentrations of NaNO2 (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and EO from winter savory (0.00, 7.80, 15.60 and 31.25 μl/g). Refrigerated, vacuum packaged lean beef and frozen pork backfat were obtained within 48 h of slaughtering from a local meat packer. Each batch was prepared using a typical Brazilian formula as follows: ground meat (58 g/100 g), pork backfat (14 g/100 g), NaCl (1.9 g/100 g), ice water (20 g/100 g), cassava starch (5 g/100 g), polyphosphate Fosmax (0.3 g/100 g, New Max Industrial, Brazil), ascorbic acid (0.05 g/100 g), spice mix for Mortadella 913 (0.5 g/100 g, New Max Industrial, Brazil) and NaNO2 (0 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg: Vetec, Brazil). The sausages samples were packed with a weight of 200 ± 5 g, and showed a pH = (6.29 ± 0.

An 1100 Series HPLC System (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) in conjunction with a QTrap-LC–MS/MS System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source were used for analysis. Isocratic separation of the compounds was achieved using methanol/water (25/75, v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate, at 22 °C in a 100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm, RP-18 Aquasil column (Thermo, Bellefonte, PA, USA). 10 μL sample volume was injected into a flow of 0.5 mL/min. The negative ion mode was selected for analyte ionization. ESI parameters were as follows: source temperature 400 °C, curtain gas 20 psi (138 kPa), nebulizer gas 30 psi (207 kPa), auxiliary gas 75 psi (517 kPa),

ion spray voltage buy Belnacasan −4200 V, CAD gas 6 (arbitrary units), MRM dwell time 50 ms, pause between mass ranges 5 ms. The MRM transition of m/z 517.1 to m/z 59.1 (DP −32 V, CE −81 eV) was chosen for D3G, while m/z 355.1 to m/z 59.1 (DP −16 V, CE −30 eV) was chosen for DON. Qualifier transitions were taken from the original LC–MS/MS method ( Berthiller et al., 2005). In order to determine the fate of D3G upon ingestion by mammals, in vitro experiments mimicking the digestion conditions Ixazomib ic50 in the gastrointestinal tract were performed. Control experiments proved the stability of the precursor mycotoxin, DON, at all investigated

conditions. Furthermore, the sum of the molar amount of DON and D3G remained roughly constant (within 10%) in all experiments, indicating no losses of toxins during the experiments. Acidic solutions were used to assess the impact of the conditions found in the stomach of mammals on D3G stability. D3G proved to be completely stable towards acid hydrolysis with 0.02 M HCl, at a pH-value of about 1.7, which is at the lower end of the stomach pH range in humans. Even at a 10 times higher concentration of HCl, at a pH-value of about 0.7, no DON could be detected after incubation of D3G at 37 °C for 3 h or 18 h. Artificial stomach juice, containing pepsin at pH 1.7, also had no effect on D3G. The results of the hydrolysis studies under acidic and enzymatic conditions

(see below) are summarized in Table 1. In all acid-treated samples 100 ± 2% of D3G were recovered. A variety of glycosylhydrolases was used to test the enzymatic stability of D3G. Artificial (non-microbial) gut juice, containing amylase, showed no activity however at all towards the β-glucoside D3G. Similarly, while testing 1 U/mL of almond β-glucosidase, no activity (<0.01 mg DON/L) was noticed towards D3G. This is in agreement with results obtained previously for D3G (Sewald et al., 1992) while Z-14-G was completely converted to ZEN (although at higher enzyme concentrations) by this enzyme (Gareis et al., 1990). More importantly, also human cytosolic β-glucosidase (hCBG, expressed in Pichia pastoris) did not show any activity for D3G. β-Glucuronidase, commercially purified from snail gut, can cleave β-glucuronides, but also possesses high β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase side activities.

94%) in Guiding (negative for Hongda and positive for Zunyan 6) together with miRNA775. mRNA1218 × miRNA183 had negative main epistasis (hq2 = 10.44%) and treatment-specific epistasis (hqqe2 = 18.44%) in Xingyi for Zunyan 6. Therefore, epistasis might be useful as an efficient genetic tool for increasing total sugar content in tobacco leaf. In QTP mapping, lysine was detected to have a large individual negative main effect (q) on total sugar content in tobacco leaves (− log10P = 62.55 and hqq2 46.90%), but positive epistasis effects (qq) along with phenylalanine (− log10P = 53.47 and

hqq2 = 33.27%) ( Table 2, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Meanwhile, for QTM mapping, fructose was detected with large positive individual effects (q) (− log10P = 80.45 and hqq2 52.30%), while linolenic and linoleic acids had lower negative individual effects (q) (− log10P = 13.20 and hqq2 6.22%) ( Table 2, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Epistasis effects of these two QTMs were check details also significant (− log10P = 38.29 and hqq2 26.02%). The principal feat of this research was to implement QTXNetwork, a software program based on a mixed linear model, for analysis of -omics

data. This research was able to take advantage of an abundance of data on gene methylation, transcript expression, protein content and metabolite characterization to find associations of QTS, QTT, QTP and QTM with two complex traits. Our goal in these analyses was to directly estimate the genetic effects of each type of loci on the genetic architecture of these traits. We believe this to be the first time that these new methods have been used

to detect genome methylated loci, transcripts, Linsitinib mw proteins and metabolites associated with chromium content and total sugar content in tobacco leaves. The results showed that various Adenosine types of genetic effects contributed to the two traits at different levels of -omics data, but that the composition and proportion of each type varied among -omics levels (Table 1 and Table 2). For example we observed that total heritability increased consecutively for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic loci, which was consistent with the central genetic dogma of gene expression through transcripts and their resulting proteins and metabolites in the transfer of genetic information to phenotype. Another discovery of this study was that the proportion of total heritability of epistasis and treatment interaction was very significant in the combination of trait and -omic evaluation, and that the total proportion of heritability based on epistasis and treatment interaction was nearly equal to that of the main factors. There was one QTS epistasis detected only in location 2 (hqqe2 11.24%) for chromium content among the four -omics levels. The proportions of total treatment interaction (hqe + qqe2) were 35.97%, 20.46%, 0.70% and 3.84% in genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic levels, respectively.

Diese Studie wurde teilweise bei einem Symposium vorgestellt, das sich mit Mn-bedingten kognitiven und motorischen Veränderungen befasste und im Artikel von Roels et al. [46] zusammengefasst ist. Über Effekte einer berufsbedingten Mn-Exposition lange nach einer dauerhaften Berufstätigkeit, die mit respiratorischer Exposition gegenüber einer bestimmten Mn-Menge verbunden war, wird nur selten berichtet. Erwähnenswert ist die Arbeit von Bourchard et al., die im Jahr 2004 in Quebec, Kanada, an Arbeitern, die während ihres

früheren Arbeitslebens gegenüber Mn exponiert gewesen waren, eine Folgestudie zu einer Studie aus dem Jahr 1990 durchführten. Die Ergebnisse deuteten darauf hin, dass eine frühere Exposition gegenüber Mn dauerhafte Folgen in Form von neuropsychiatrischen Symptomen selleck chemicals llc auslösen kann, da diese Arbeiter auf Bewertungsskalen für Angst, Feinseligkeit und Depression höhere Werte aufwiesen Rapamycin clinical trial als die Kontrollpersonen [50]. Diese Befunde rücken andere neurologische Auswirkungen der Mn-Intoxikation als die Schädigung von Neuronen, in den Brennpunkt, nämlich psychologische Effekte, und betonen die Gefahren von Mn auch noch lange Zeit nach einer akuten Exposition. So ist heute bekannt, dass Neurotoxizität in zweierlei Hinsicht zeitabhängig ist: einerseits von der Dauer der

Exposition, andererseits von der Lebensphase, zu der sie stattfindet [34].

Aufgrund der sich ändernden Umstände der Exposition gegenüber Mn – von der berufsbedingten hin zur umweltbedingten Exposition – steigt der Bedarf an epidemiologischen Studien, die eine geeignete Risikobewertung liefern und in denen Tests von der berufstätigen Bevölkerung auf andere vulnerable Bevölkerungsgruppen wie ältere Menschen und Kinder ausdehnt werden [51]. Mangan ist seit mittlerweile 175 Jahren als neurotoxische Substanz bekannt. Die auf eine Mn-Intoxikation folgende Erkrankung namens Manganismus wurde zum ersten Mal 1837 von James Couper beschrieben, der bei fünf schottischen Arbeitern, die MnO2-Erz enough zerkleinerten, Paraplegie v. a. in den unteren Extremitäten beobachtete [52]. Seither wurde eine Vielzahl von Studien durchgeführt, in denen die Symptome einer Mn-Intoxikation beim Menschen beschrieben wurden sowie die Effekte bei Nagern und in Zellkulturmodellen. Eine sehr gute Zusammenfassung dieser Arbeiten zu den neuropathologischen Effekten der Mn-Exposition wurde von Ashner et al. [6] publiziert. Sie befasst sich schwerpunktmäßig mit Mechanismen des Mn-Transports, Effekten von Mn auf Neurotransmittersysteme sowie mit seinen negativen Auswirkungen auf die Mitochondrienfunktion und den zellulären Energiestoffwechsel.

Barriers to adaptation can prevent the development

and implementation of adaptations from taking place [5]. Due to presence of barriers high adaptive capacity does not necessarily translate into successful adaptation [7]. Small-scale fisheries that support livelihoods of more than 90% of capture fisherfolk selleck inhibitor and produce about 50% of global seafood catches [8] are impacted by climate variability and change. These impacts include not only those on fish populations [9], [10] and [11] but also on the livelihoods of the dependent communities [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] and [17]. To minimise these impacts and take advantage of opportunities they need to adapt successfully. Morgan [18] suggests that due to the high vulnerability of fisherfolk and a heavy reliance on specific fisheries for income, fishing communities may face considerable limits and barriers to adaptation to climate change. Many of these limits and barriers are interrelated and combine to constrain adaptation [5] and [19]. But there is a lack of evidence on limits and barriers to adaptation and interactions between them. The objective of this study is to identify and characterise Ganetespib solubility dmso the limits and barriers to adaptation of fishing activities to cyclones and examine interactions between them, gaining insights from two coastal small-scale

fishing communities in Bangladesh. In what follows, Section 2 reviews the existing literature on limits and barriers to climate related adaptation. Section 3 describes case studies and methodology. Section 4 identifies and characterises the limits and barriers to adaptation as well as examines their interactions. Section 5 situates findings into other literature

and discusses the theoretical contribution. Section 6 concludes by highlighting the main findings and practical implications. Adaptation is the “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities” [1, p. 869]. In many cases local adaptation measures are reactive and short-term (coping strategies) [20] which can limit the scope for adaptation in the longer term [2]. In this study both short- Dichloromethane dehalogenase and long-term responses are regarded as adaptation. Limits and barriers to local adaptation measures can emerge at multiple spatial and temporal scales [21]. Some distinguish limits and barriers to adaptation, while others use the terms interchangeably. This study considers limits as “the conditions or factors that render adaptation ineffective as a response to climate change and are largely insurmountable” [5, p. 733]. These limits are faced when thresholds or tipping points associated with social and/or natural systems are exceeded [2]. On the other hand, “barriers are the conditions or factors that render adaptation difficult as a response to climate change” [22, p.